HAN 251 Final: HAN 251 final Study Guide
23 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
HAN 251
Final Review
1
Session 7
Intro to research design and QUAL design
Qual:
• Grounded theory-theory that explains the process of
• Ethnography- culture sharing pattern
• Case study- issue
• Phenomenology (lived experience) – meaning of the phenomenon
Types of research questions:
• Descriptive: what are, how many, how much, how frequently
• Relationship: what is the relationship between
• Comparative: what is the difference between
• Causality: what is the effect of, how do blank differ from blank in, is blank better than
blank at/for/in
Methods:
Methods
Quan
Qual
Mixed
Data collection
method
Systematic,
instrument based
questions
Emerging methods
Both open ended and
closed ended
questions
Types of data
Numeric, measure,
rating
Interview,
observation,
document, image,
audiovisual
Multiple
analysis
Statistics test
hypothesis
Text and image
analysis to develop a
deeper
understanding and
establish a meaning
Statistical and text
analysis
Design is based on paradigm, aligns with research purpose and research questions, best
approach to answer research questions
Mixed method designs:
• Convergent (parallel/ concurrent)
o How: quan and qual study both have equal importance and both occur at the
same time (collect and analyze data at the same time)
o Purpose: to merge for comparison. To see where data sets agree and disagree,
how they inform each other. Look for convergence and/or divergence
• Explanatory
o How: quan and then qual
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find more resources at oneclass.com
HAN 251
Final Review
2
o Purpose: how do qual results explain quan results. With your quan test you got
interesting findings so you want to go deeper and explain the why with qual
• Exploratory
o How: qual and then quan
o Purpose: use qual results to develop variables, instruments, interventions. Quan
based on qual. Interpret how quan results provide new and better instruments
and intervention
Assessing the rigor:
Quan uses validity and reliability
Qual uses trustworthiness
Validity and reliability: (quan)
• Internal validity: extent to which results of study are true
o Lab study to control variables
o Control groups- placebo
o Bias: double blind placebo control experiment
o Tools/ instruments tested for validity and reliability
o Unobtrusive measures
• External validity: extent to which one can assume the results will be true for people in
different groups or similar people in different settings
• real life setting
• representative sample from population
o As inclusion criteria goes up, external validity goes down and internal validity
goes up
• Reliability: issues related to the soundness of data collection procedures
Trustworthiness: (qual)
• Credibility: confidence in the truth of the findings
o Triangulation- collecting multiple types of data at different times
o Member checking: checking with participants to see if it analysis rings true
• Transferability: if findings are good fit for their situation
o Thick description: richly describing setting, participants, and findings (low
inference data [direct quotes from participants])
• Dependability: if results make sense to another researcher
o Audit trial: reporting of how researcher conduct study (read and re read
(immersion), code, patterns to themes, memoing, reflective bracketing
o Percentage of agreement:
▪ another coder(s) use coding structure and definitions and code a
randomly selected portion of the data
▪ team of coders code the data independently and meet to discuss until
they reach agreement
• Instrument reliability: consistently measures
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
HAN 251
Final Review
3
• Instrument validity: accurately measures
• Fae alue: sujetie, etet to hih it looks like it easues hat its supposed to
• Content validity: extent to which measurement instrument is a representative sample of
content being measured, represents entire range
• Criterion validity: extent to which results of assessment instrument correlate with
another presumably related measure.
• Construct validity: extent to which instrument measures a characteristic that cannot be
observed (emotions)
• Interrater reliability: 2 or more evaluators using the same tool independently yield same
results
• Test-retest reliability: same instrument yields same results on same person more than
once
• Equivalent forms reliability: 2 versions of same instrument yield same results
• Internal consistency reliability: all items with a single instrument yield a similar result
(survey asking same question in similar ways)
Qual:
Local groundedness: in qual research, researchers collect proximity data to determine the flow
of the research before collecting data.
Credibility:
• Prolonged engagement: increased credibility; researcher spending time in field, deeper
understanding, trust, important for thick description (transferability)
o Leads to persistent observation
o Prolonged engagement provides scope, persistent observation provides depth
Data collection:
• Interviews,
o Focus groups are also used in both quan (surveys) and qual (interviews)
• artifacts,
• written descriptions,
• observation
o nonreactive: observer is removed from participants
o participant: observer is a member of the group
data analysis:
• human is instrument
o must be aware of their own values, preconceptions, and beliefs and keep them
aside
o keeps ongoing notes/reflection on ideas, insights, feelings, etc.
▪ file dnotes, reflective bracketing, diaries, memoing, etc.
• includes rich details, deep emersion prior to analysis, categorization, interpretation/
identification of patterns, finding new meaning (synthesis and generalizations drawn)
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Qual: grounded theory-theory that explains the process of, ethnography- culture sharing pattern, case study- issue, phenomenology (lived experience) meaning of the phenomenon. Text and image analysis to develop a deeper understanding and establish a meaning. Design is based on paradigm, aligns with research purpose and research questions, best approach to answer research questions. Mixed method designs: convergent (parallel/ concurrent, how: quan and qual study both have equal importance and both occur at the same time (collect and analyze data at the same time, purpose: to merge for comparison. To see where data sets agree and disagree, how they inform each other. Look for convergence and/or divergence: explanatory, how: quan and then qual. 2: purpose: how do qual results explain quan results. With your quan test you got interesting findings so you want to go deeper and explain the why with qual: exploratory, how: qual and then quan, purpose: use qual results to develop variables, instruments, interventions.
