11:374:279 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Cornucopian, Decision-Making, Ecological Footprint

Suppose that, instead of taking this test, you could either have worked and earned income or partied and had a pleasurable time. Your opportunity cost of taking the test is the

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QUESTION 2

A trend is

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QUESTION 3

A time-series graph measures

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QUESTION 4

Canada has nationalized health care, so that everyone, regardless of their ability to pay, has some access to health care. Based on this observation, Canada has decided that "everyone, regardless of their ability to pay" is the answer to what microeconomic question?

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QUESTION 5

As a shoe factory adds more workers, shoe production grows, reaches a maximum, and then shrinks. In a diagram that has the number of workers on the horizontal axis and the number of shoes on the vertical axis, the relationship between the number of workers and the number of shoes starts as ________ and then, after the maximum point, is ________.

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QUESTION 6

Microeconomics includes the study of the

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QUESTION 7

When Fresh Express Salads decides to mechanically pick all of its lettuce, it directly answers the ________ question.

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QUESTION 8

Proponents of cuts in income tax rates argue that when income tax rates are cut, workers have an incentive to increase their work hours. This argument is based on the assumption that

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QUESTION 9

A choice made by comparing all relevant alternatives systematically and incrementally is

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QUESTION 10

A normative statement

i. can be tested as to whether it is true or false.

ii. is considered negative.

iii. depends on a person's values.

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QUESTION 11

Normative statements

i. describe how the world is.

ii. describe how the world ought to be.

iii. depend on people's values and cannot be tested.

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QUESTION 12

In order to determine whether to major in economics, a rational individual compares the ________ of the decision.

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QUESTION 13

If x increases whenever y decreases, then x and y are

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QUESTION 14

Rational choice

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QUESTION 15

Scarcity results from the fact that

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QUESTION 16

When Delta decides to quit flying to Lithuania, it directly answers the ________ question.

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QUESTION 17

A normative statement

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QUESTION 18

Which of the following statements best describes the study of economics? Economics studies how

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QUESTION 19

Which of the following best defines economics?

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QUESTION 20

In economics, cost is ________, and benefit is ________.

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QUESTION 21

If Jessie studies economics for two hours instead of going to the movies with her friends, then

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QUESTION 22

Going skiing will cost Adam $80 a day. He also loses $40 per day in wages because he has to take time off from work. Adam still decides to go skiing.

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QUESTION 23

If a curve falls and then rises, it

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QUESTION 24

In 2003, Michael Jordan decided to retire from professional basketball. Which of the following was an opportunity cost of his decision?

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QUESTION 25

Which of the following statements is a normative statement?

Question:

Organisms living in Antarctica are thought to be particularly susceptible to change in climatic conditions. How might future climate changes affect the distribution of Antarctic organisms?

Describe the current Antarctic climate and factors that are likely to affect environmental change. Make predictions about future changes to the environment and how this might impact the distribution of organisms in the region.

Below has the format that it could be answered.

below the template, it has exampler template with different topic.

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What do you think is the answer to the question? / What is your perspective on the topic? This is your stance or thesis.

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Why do you think this? Give at least three supporting reasons (main points)

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Use your stance and supporting points to build your plan. For each main point give a brief explanation, some evidence and/or examples you will use to support it. Provide references where appropriate.

I. Introduction

Possible ideas for the introduction:

(What does the reader need to know to understand the essay? Write as a statement rather than a question or keyword)

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Proposed thesis statement:

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II. Body - The number of body paragraphs will vary from essay to essay, you choose how many you need.

- Topic sentence:

(Include the main point making it clear how it supports your stance)

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Explanations /Evidence/ Examples (include references with each fact (author, date)):

Write as a statement of fact not as a question, heading or keyword

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- Topic sentence (include the topic and how it supports your stance):

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Explanations /Evidence/ Examples (include references (author, date)):

Write as a statement of fact not as a question, heading or keyword

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-Topic sentence (include the topic or how it supports your stance):

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Explanations /Evidence/ Examples (include references (author, date)):

Write as a statement rather than a question or keyword

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III. Conclusion:

(What are the broad implications of the essay?)

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DRAFT WRITING

Introduction and first body paragraph

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------- exampler template with different topic

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I. Introduction

Possible ideas for the introduction

Climate change

Process of OA

Somehow lead to SO

Thesis Statement : All organisms living bathed in an acidic environment will incur a metabolic cost as a result of the energy expended to maintain functioning cell chemistry this results in reduced growth and reproductive outputs. As a consequence population numbers will drop with a flow on reduction in overall ecosystem biomass and diversity.

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II. Body

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Main Point: OA has a metabolic cost for all marine organisms and affects growth, reproduction and nutrient value as a food source.[CA2]

Examples/Details/Explanations (include references (author, date)) :

Most pronounced in small organisms but is variable and dependant on pH

e.g. krill, gill & haemolymph regulation issues (Flores et al, 2012) ;

e.g. phytoplankton, reduced nutritional value;

e.g. shell forming organisms dissolution of CaCO₃ shells e.g. pteropods

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Main Point: The metabolic cost on the individual results in lower numbers of individuals in a population.

Examples/Details/Explanations (include references (author, date)):

This cost results in reduced fertilisation, extended larval development time, deformities

e.g. seastar (Gonzalez-Bernat et al, 2014) detail effects at different pH levels;

e.g. urchin (Sewell et al 2014)

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Main Point: A reduction in biomass of any one species has flow on effects up and down the food chain and could be especially pronounced in the unique Southern Ocean ecosystem.

Examples/Details/Explanations (include references (author, date)):

SO characterised by high nutrient low productivity, ‘wasp-waist’ structure and short food chains

e.g. phytoplankton as primary producers

e.g. krill as important food source

e.g. pteropods as nutrient cyclers

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Main Point: Reduced food availability will likely alter interspecific interactions and may result in some species being driven to extinction.

Examples/Details/Explanations (include references (author, date)):

a. competition will increase as a result of less food e.g. between larger birds and mammals as a flow on from loss of krill

b. shell forming species will be at greater risk of predation due to weaker shells

c. e.g. seastars as keystone species maintaining diversity

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III. Conclusion

Effects at organism level will impact on total biomass of that species and those that depend on it for food, therefore the overall productivity and biomass of the SO ecosystem will be reduced and loss of species diversity is expected.

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Other Ideas to Conclude:

Effects growth and reproduction and is especially costly for shell forming organisms.

Will see changes as a result of effects on organisms with key functions within the SO ecosystem.

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Ideas to leave the reader with (clincher):

Global significance of effects of OA on SO (something related to carbon sink and sequestering of Carbon) or perhaps reminding reader that OA is only one consequence of climate change and that organisms will also be at risk from rising sea temps, melting ice, and invasive species.

Supervisors often avoid conducting counseling sessions with employees because the supervisors anticipate, sometimes correctly, that the session will be personally unpleasant. Most individuals simply do not enjoy confronting other individuals with judgments about performance. As is true of most people, supervisors have a need to be liked by members of the social groups with which they are associated. Counseling can disrupt the personal relationships which such groups represent. The supervisor often anticipates that this will occur, imagining that the subordinate will react to the session with hostility, or withdraw during the interview into a shell and thereafter ignore the supervisor's presence except when given direct orders. Such reactions by subordinates are not uncommon, and, in fear of that, the supervisor may avoid the discussion altogether.

Avoiding the discussion, however, will only result in the problem and the potential confrontation becoming worse. Counseling is an indispensable aspect of a supervisor's job which, if accomplished effectively, can resolve problems in a positive manner and ultimately help to strengthen the relationship between the supervisor and the subordinate.

It would be dishonest to assure any supervisor that there are techniques which will avoid the unpleasant aspects of counseling in every case. Like any aspect of supervision, counseling involves authority over and responsibility for the actions of other employees. It is precisely this authority over others' behavior that produces the potential conflict; however, such conflict can be minimized.

The written assignment for week six of the BU 461 course is a written counseling session in which students must demonstrate their knowledge and understanding of the skills, techniques, resources, and other information taught within the class and apply this knowledge to an employee counseling session (must be fictitious). To ensure maximum points, please adhere to the guidelines set forth below.

Your written counseling session must include the following:

(Please address in paragraph form)

I. A written analysis of the problem presented:

Why is the situation a problem?

What steps should have been taken to remediate the situation before reaching this level?

Does the employee know what is supposed to be done and by when?

Does the employee have:

the information needed to do the job?

the skills needed to do the job?

the resources needed to do the job?

Have I adequately defined the job performance expectations?

Does the problem have an adverse effect on:

the employee?

the co-workers/team?

the unit?

the agency?

myself as a supervisor?

Are any obstacles beyond the employee’s control getting in the way?

Have I been inadvertently rewarding poor performance by my silence or behavior?

Is anyone else exhibiting the same problem?

Is there a pattern with this employee?

After addressing the above issues, it is then necessary for you to include:

II. A follow-up counseling memo that would be given to the employee after the counseling session.

Generally, a memo is both appropriate and necessary when: 1) previous counseling has failed to result in improvement; 2) you do not have confidence that the employee will correct the improper behavior without further encouragement; 3) the seriousness of the situation requires documentation that the session was held; and/or, 4) a multi-part plan for improvement was discussed during the session and the memo serves as written confirmation and a reminder of the plan.

When writing the counseling memo, the following guidelines should be followed:

Write the memo to the employee.

Be concise and clear.

The memo is a summary of your counseling session. Do not include other matters in the memo which were not discussed during the session.

Include the following sections:

A statement of the reason for and the date, time and place of the meeting. (Be as complete as possible in describing the problem.)

The employee's response to your concerns. This is important as it demonstrates to the employee that you were actually listening during the counseling session.

The manner in which the employee will seek to improve performance.

Provisions for follow-up consultations.

Do not characterize the memo as discipline or as a penalty.

The tone of the memo should be supportive and factual. Do not write it in a punitive or derogatory manner.

Show on the memo the names of those persons who will receive a copy of the memo. Include personal history folder.

The memo should be correct memo form

Your written counseling session will be graded on the following:

Clarity (have you addressed all required parts of section I)?

Completeness (have you addresses all required parts of section II)?

Conciseness (has your memo addressed the following)?

Did you clearly explain to the employee the facts of the situation?

Did you CLEARLY explain the gap between current performance and "expected performance"?

Did the employee indicate they understood the gap?

Did you get the employee to agree that a performance problem exists?

Did the employee ask enough questions to get employee to identify the cause of the problem and agree that change is necessary?

Did you identify good business reasons why the change must be made?

Did you list the consequences that could occur if the change is not made?

Did you get the employee’s agreement to take specific actions to improve his/her performance?

Please select any one of the following scenarios as the situation for your written counseling session.

A written counseling session on any other scenario will not be graded. It must be from either one of the following:

Looking at pornography on the Internet during company time. Your employee was recently promoted to a new position without having been properly trained. As a result, your employee cannot keep up with fellow coworkers in the same position.

Preaching to coworkers their beliefs in Christianity and why other coworkers should go to church and Bible study. Your employee is an associate Pastor at his church and tries to recruit new members to his congregation while at work. He is an average level employee working on an assembly line.

Can't read, trying to hide it. Your employee is a safety inspector at an auto plant. She is an outstanding employee, but constantly seeks other workers to help finish her reports.

Falls asleep on the job. Your employee is a student attending college at night with 3 kids and a wife at home. He is a production assistant responsible for layout and print copy for the local newspaper.

Bad breath & body odor. Your employee is an aging man who is the assistant manager in the customer service department. He has been with the organization for over 25 years.

Won’u t wear company uniforms because of religious reasons. Your employee is an atheist who has problems wearing the truck driver uniform for his job because a cross is part of the company logo. He also has a problem with wearing a uniform in general because he feels it represents him to others as being a member of an inferior social class.

Coming down with memory loss. Your employee is 37 years old who has recently undergone radiation therapy for breast cancer. She is responsible for medical records and tracking pharmaceutical prescriptions at the local hospital.