ANATOMY 3300 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Grip Strength, Dynamometer, Dependent And Independent Variables
2 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Exam One Study Guide
Lecture 1
• There are 6 research dichotomies
o Theoretical vs applied AND Lab vs field AND Participant report vs research observation
o Quantitative vs Qualitative
▪ Postpostivist vs constructivist philosophies
▪ Objective vs descriptive data collection
▪ Statistical vs descriptive data analysis
• Steps to planning research include:
o Research problem, lit review, research questions/ hypothesis, choose approach, create plan, IRB,
collect, analyze, interpret, communicate/ disseminate
o Choosing a problem based on existing literature, theory, personal experience, clinical observation
o Literature Review identifying gaps / ake sue thee’s sigifiae / appropriate methods /
describe inferences want to use empirical, evidence-ased, pee eieed soues do’t ilude
web-sources b/c not systematically reviewed)
Research Questions, Variables, and Approaches
QUESTIONS:
Difference:
• Compares groups on dependent variable
• Ex: what is the difference between OSU OTD grads vs Wash U OTD grads NBCOT passing rates
• Ex: what is difference of skinny or overweight people on blood pressure
• Ex: Do OTD students who exercise 5 times a week have higher GPAs than students who only exercise once?
• looking at how different groups react or have the dependent variable
• 2 or more different groups 1 same dependent variable
• Research approach experimental, quasi-experimental, comparative (experimental and non-
experimental)
Associational:
• Looking at how variables are related to one another – how does one variable predict the outcome of
another
• Ex: does a higher anxiety predict or influence class participation
• Ex: does increased exercise among OTD students increase their GPAs?
• 1 variable influence on another variable
• Research approach associational (non-experimental)
Descriptive:
• Description or summary of the data – not comparing anything
• Ex: percentage of men and women in OTD programs in the US
• Research approach descriptive (non-experimental)
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
VARIABLES:
Independent:
• The thing that you put in to determine the relationship of the outcome
• What you are measuring or manipulating
• The input predictor
Active:
• The thing that you manipulate
• Given to the participants during the study during a specific period of time
• Ex: giving a drug, an intervention, incorporating a new teaching style
• Only studies with active IVs can result in data that allows researchers to infer that the IV caused the
difference in DV (since we are changing this/ giving it to the participants when they come in)
Attribute:
• Something that happened in the past or is pre-existing
• We did’t gie duig the tiefae of the stud – ou ae’t giig the these, the oe ith
them
• Does’t hage duig the ouse of the stud
• Ex: bringing patients who have had heart surgery (already happened in the past)
• Ex: patients with conditions, diseases, or disabilities – diabetes or paraplegic (pre-existing)
Dependent:
• Assesses the effects of the independent variable
• Outcome or result of the independent variable
• Ex: looking at study of exercises affecting hip strength (exercise = IV ; hip strength = DV)
• We are looking to see if the independent variable had an effect on the dependent variable
• Ex: did the exercises increase hip strength?
Outcome Measure
• Actual tools or instruments that measure the dependent variable
• NOT results, assessments, or effects of the independent variable
• Ex: Do exercises increase grip strength (exercise = IV ; grip strength = DV ; dynamometer = outcome measure)
Extraneous:
• Thid pat/ ofoudig aiales that ae’t the fous
• Can influence the independent variables
• Need to control or account for them – a affet esults ee though ou do’t ae aout the o at to
measure them
• Ex: if taking medication, another medication could affect the results
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
• Ex: a study occurs at 5am vs 6pm – does the time of day affect performance or results?
• Ex: characteristics of experimenter – if 4 OT’s do CIT ith a diffeet kid ad each get different results, it
could be the traits of the OTs (do they like working with kids, etc.)
Levels of the Independent Variable = must have at least 2 levels
Can be unordered: IV = treatment type
2 levels
Can be ordered: IV = treatment duration
4 levels
Unordered = treatment A vs treatment B = are not in any order or rank, just two different treatments
Ordered = you can put the duration of treatment in order based on the length
Ex: looking at cardio vs weights vs pilates = 3 levels unordered
Ex: cardio at 10 min vs 20 min vs 30 min vs 40 min = 4 levels ordered
Scales of Measurement of the Dependent Variable = Must have at least two levels/values
---Can be categorical:
1. dichotomous (yes/no)
• only 2 categories – it’s one or the other
• yes or no
• unemployed vs employed
2. nominal (unordered categories)
• names or labels – just listing the group
• no hierarchy, rank, order
• ex: hair, color, gender, religion ould’t ak o hai s lode hai, et
Treatment A
Treatment B
Three Weeks
Two Weeks
One Week
One Session
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
