NURS 450 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Fetus, Down Syndrome, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
FALL 2015 NURS450 STUDY GUIDE EXAM 2
MAKING BABIES EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE
ARTs
Types (there are quite a few…)
o Artificial insemination: transfer of sperm into the reproductive tract
o Intra-uterine insemination: transfer of sperm directly into the uterus
o In-vitro fertilization (IVF): procedure joining egg and sperm outside the
woman’s body and then transferring the resulting embryo
o Gamete intra-fallopian transfer (GIFT): transfer of unfertilized eggs and
sperm into the fallopian tube (gametes: sperm or egg cell)
o Zygote intra-fallopian transfer: transfer of fertilized eggs into the fallopian
tubes (zygote: combination of sperm and egg)
o Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD): removing a cell from an early
embryo to test for specific genetic defects and select healthy embryos for
implantation (embryo: once zygote begins to divide)
o Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection: injection of the sperm directly into the
cytoplasm of the egg
o Sub-endometrial embryo delivery (SEED): implanting the embryo directly
into the endometrial lining of the uterus
o Cytoplasmic transfer: injecting cytoplasm from a donor egg into the
cytoplasm of a recipient egg (used for fragmented cytoplasm or habitual
miscarriages)
o Nuclear transfer: removing the nucleus (genetic material) from a woman’s
egg and injecting it into a de-nucleated donor egg. (used for fragmented
cytoplasm and habitual miscarriages)
o Ectogenesis: artificial womb
Know:
o What do they do/why are they done?
o How are they performed?
Pregnancy Basics:
When does it occur?
o At implantation
Hormones-which ones are involved and what are their roles?
o Progesterone: thickens the endometrium, suppresses development of a
new follicle, inhibits uterine contractions
Placenta- what is its role?
o Begins metabolic exchange at 4-5 weeks. Separate mom and baby’s blood
supply, act as a filter for toxins, transfer nutrients and oxygen to baby
Trimesters
o What weeks of pregnancy are in which trimester?
1st trimester: LMP-14 weeks
2nd trimester: 14 weeks – 28 weeks
3rd trimester: 28 weeks- 40 weeks
o General fetal and maternal developments (physiological) in each trimester
First trimester: heart develops first, development and growth
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find more resources at oneclass.com
FALL 2015 NURS450 STUDY GUIDE EXAM 2
Second trimester: detailed development of organs and fetal growth
continues
Third trimester: fetal growth and development continues
o Major developmental indicators (ex. When can mom first feel baby kick?)
First trimester: heart beats at 5-6 weeks, major organs grossly
developed and embryo becomes a fetus at 10 weeks
Second trimester: baby can hear and eyes reopen at 26 weeks,
quickening begins at 18 weeks, practice breathing and fairly good
chance at survival if born at 27 weeks
o Fetal size at start and end of each trimester (blueberry, lemon…)
First trimester:
start (5 weeks): apple seed
end (14 weeks): lemon
second trimester:
start (14 weeks): lemon
end (28 weeks): eggplant
Third trimester:
Start (28 weeks): eggplant
End (40 weeks): pumpkin
Multi-fetal Pregnancy
How common? Increasing or decreasing today and why?
o The number is increasing due to ARTs, advanced maternal age, and
African descent
Types of multiples- monozygotic, dizygotic, trizygotic
o Monozygotic twins: one egg + one sperm
Identical, same gender, same genotype
o Dizygotic: 2 eggs + 2 sperm
Fraternal twins, same or different sex
o Trizygotic triplets: 3 eggs + 3 sperm
Risks of multi-fetal pregnancy
o Preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, neuro-developmental issues,
congenital anomolies
Twins and family history/ethnicity/age
o The possibility of twins increases with certain ethnicities (Hispanic,
African American) and with a family history of twins
Complications (What are they? Risks? Frequency? How to diagnose? Treatment?)
o Vanishing twin syndrome: one twin “vanishes” in early pregnancy. One
twin is miscarried and the tissues is absorbed by the other twin, the
placenta, or the mother.
o Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome: share placenta and connecting
vessels, so there is a significant difference in amniotic fluid levels. The
donor fetus shunts blood supply to the other fetus and dies. The recipient
fetus has excessive blood flow and possibly congestive heart failure. Can
be treated with amnio reduction but there is still a low survival rate.
Elective multi-fetal reduction
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
When does it occur: at implantation. Hormones-which ones are involved and what are their roles: progesterone: thickens the endometrium, suppresses development of a new follicle, inhibits uterine contractions. Placenta- what is its role: begins metabolic exchange at 4-5 weeks. Separate mom and baby"s blood supply, act as a filter for toxins, transfer nutrients and oxygen to baby. 2nd trimester: 14 weeks 28 weeks. 3rd trimester: 28 weeks- 40 weeks: general fetal and maternal developments (physiological) in each trimester. First trimester: heart develops first, development and growth. Second trimester: detailed development of organs and fetal growth continues. Third trimester: fetal growth and development continues: major developmental indicators (ex. First trimester: heart beats at 5-6 weeks, major organs grossly developed and embryo becomes a fetus at 10 weeks. Increasing or decreasing today and why: the number is increasing due to arts, advanced maternal age, and. Types of multiples- monozygotic, dizygotic, trizygotic: monozygotic twins: one egg + one sperm.
