BIOL 1001 Final: Chapter5
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Lab Topic 1: The Process of Science
Introduction
1. Which of the following questions would you consider appropriate scientific questions that can be tested using the scientific method? For the statements that can be tested using the scientific method, explain how your experiment would be set up. Explain the different steps in the scientific method as they relate to this statement.
a. Does the pH of the soil affect the color of hydrangea flowers?
b. What properties of the soil influence the color of hydrangea flowers?
c. Do hydrangeas look more beautiful when grown in the right soil?
d. Was The Day After Tomorrow a better movie than Terminator?
e. Does grass require fertilizer in order to grow?
2. Read this hypothesis and answer the questions below:
Plants kept closer to windows grow larger than plants kept several feet away from windows.
a. Indicate the dependent variable:
b. Indicate the independent variable:
c. List 3 other variables that must be kept constant in this experiment (the control variables).
d. Write a prediction based on the above hypothesis.
Exercise 1.1
Take a Deep Breath
Students will need to take a picture of themselves or their group walking up and down on the step or doing other exercise. Include a note with your name and date on an index card in the picture. Insert picture here:
1. Identify the following in the experimental design. You will need to refer to the protocol to answer this question.
a. Independent variable:
b. Dependent variable:
c. Experimental dataset:
d. Control dataset:
e. Hypothesis:
2. Fill in the data for each individual in your group for the Breath experiment.
Length of time breath can be held (seconds) | |||
Individual Tested | Resting | After 1 minutes of exercise | After 5 minutes of exercise |
Average (take the average for each column) |
3. Look at the averages for all individuals in your group. Was the hypothesis you stated in the previous question supported by the âaverage dataâ? Explain your answer!!!
4. Now look at the data for each individual separately. Was there data for anyone in your group that did not support the hypothesis? If yes, explain whythis could be.
5. How many replicates did your group have?________________ Why is it good to have more than one replicate?
Exercise 1.2
Letâs Graph
In this exercise, you will be graphing the data that you collected in exercise 1.1.
1. In exercise 1.1, you identified the independent and dependent variables. Which one goes on the X axis of the graph and which goes on the Y axis?
2. Will you make a line or a bar graph of your data? Explain why you chose this type of graph.
3. You will need to use excel to generate a graph of your data. On this graph, you will need to label the title, independent variable, dependent variable and possibly the legend. You will need to select an appropriate scale so the data is spread out on the graph.
*Consult with your instructor to see how he/she would like for you to submit your graph. You might work on it in class and submit it through D2L or you might submit it at a different time. If you are taking the online version of the class, you will need to use Excel or word to make the graph.
Exercise 1.3
You will need to get the data under exercise 1.3 in the protocol sheet to complete these sections.
1. What is the dependent variable?
2. What is the independent variable?
3. Which, if any, of these individuals has diabetes? ___A or B ___?
4. What data do you have to support your hypothesis?
5. Construct a graph showing the time after eating each group had the greatest blood glucose levels.
Material Science
Question 1
Muscle fibers slide smoothly across each other in both directions.
True
False
Question 2
Cell membranes are composed of single layers of fat molecules.
True
False
Question 3
In mammals, the percentage composition of fats and minerals is roughly the same.
True
False
Question 4
Both RNA and DNA have a double helix structure.
True
False
Question 5
The primary constituents of muscles are
a) | the proteins kerotin and actin | |
b) | the proteins lycine and actin | |
c) | the proteins actin and liposine | |
d) | the proteins glycine and lycine | |
e) | the proteins myocin and actin |
Question 6
Hydroxyapatite is a component of endoskeletons.
True
False
Question 7
There are thousands of types of amino acids.
True
False
Question 8
Amorphous silicon is a component of some biomaterials.
True
False
Question 9
The biosynthesis of both collagen and polysaccharides starts in the cell nucleus.
True
False
Question 10
After going through alkyline hydrolysis, the remaining solids are primarily hydroxyapatite.
True
False
Question 11
Calcium carbonate is a mineral found in some biomaterials.
True
False
Question 12
Proteins, chitin, and cellulose are build up from proteins
True
False
Question 13
There are thousands of types of proteins.
True
False
Question 14
Chitin is the most abundant natural polymer.
True
False
Question 15
Keratin is formed from a structure of living cells.
True
False
Question 16
Some biopolymers are hard.
True
False
Question 17
Polymeric biomaterials are comprised of collagen and elastin.
True
False
Question 18
Cell membranes are made of double layers of proteins.
True
False
Question 19
Which is NOT an example of a hard biopolymer?
a)Eggs | ||
b)Insect Shells | ||
c)Hooves | ||
d)Nails | ||
e)Cellulose |
Question 20
Polysaccharides are built up hierarchically from amino acids.
True
False
Question 21
Unit cells have faces that are
a) | rhombus | |
b) | square | |
c) | rectangular | |
d) | parallelegrams | |
e) | circular |
Question 22
Unit cells are
a)the building blocks of crystalline material | ||
b)the building blocks of DNA | ||
c)the building blocks of polymers | ||
d)the building blocks of amorphous materials | ||
e)the building blocks of biomaterials |
Question 23
Which radioactive semi-metal is the only element with a Simple-Cubic (SC) structure?
a)Polonium | ||
b)Uranium | ||
c)Radium | ||
d)Plutonium | ||
e)Dilthium |
Question 24
The common crystal structures in metal are
a)FCC, BCC, HCP | ||
b)FCC, BCC, HCP, and SC | ||
c)HCC, BCC, FCP | ||
d)HCC, BCC, FCP and SC | ||
e)FCC, SEC, BCC |
Question 25
Diffraction results in
a)constructive interference | ||
b)delamination of the planes | ||
c)reverse polarization | ||
d)altered planar spacing | ||
e)destructive interference |
Question 26
Unit cell indexing schemes provide
a)location information for grain boundaries | ||
b)descriptions of the atoms, planes, and axis directions | ||
c)diffraction indexes for the crystal material | ||
d)the location of the unit cell in the larger crystalline matrix | ||
e)the packing arrangement |
Question 27
Hexagonal crystal structures cannot be close-packed.
True
False
Question 28
To determine crystal structure and spacing, scientists use
a)magnetic resonance imaging | ||
b)X-ray diffraction | ||
c)optical microscopes | ||
d)scanning electron microscopes | ||
e)atomic force microscopes |
Question 29
A scanning probe (aka atomic force) microscope can be used to image and manipulate individual atoms.
True
False
Question 30
Crystal planar density is taken as
a)the number of atoms per unit area for a plane | ||
b)the planar stacking order | ||
c)the number of atoms that are closely packed | ||
d)the number of equivalent atoms per unit cell | ||
e)the number of atoms per unit length for an axis |
Question 31
The atomic packing factor represents
a)the mass ratio of the unit cell | ||
b)the number of nearest-neighbor atoms | ||
c)the fraction of solid sphere volume in the unit cell | ||
d)the unit cell edge length (a) divided by the atomic radius (R) | ||
e)the density of the material |
Question 32
When an elemental solid can have more than one crystal structure, it is said to have
a)allotropy | ||
b)polymorphism | ||
c)polytropy | ||
d)elemorphism | ||
e)anthropomorphis |
Question 33
The crystallographic linear density
a)is determined by the atomic packing factor | ||
b)is six for HCP unit cells | ||
c)is five for BCP unit cells | ||
d)is determined by the coordination number | ||
e)is how many atoms lie along a unit length in that direction |
Question 34
Bragg's law specifies
a)the condition for when electrons will be refracted upon striking a crystal | ||
b)the condition for when light will be polarized upon striking a crystal | ||
c)the condition for when x-rays will be absorbed upon striking a crystal | ||
d)the condition for when x-rays will be refracted upon striking a crystal | ||
e)the condition for when light will be refracted upon striking a crystal |
Question 35
Two features of a crystal unit cell structure are
a)atomic number and elemental packing factor | ||
b)the number of interstitial and host atoms | ||
c)coordination number and atomic packing factor | ||
d)the number of faces and the number of atoms | ||
e)the number of substitutional and interstitial atoms |
Question 36
Imperfections in semiconductors are used to create transistors and other electronic devices.
True
False
Question 37
The majority of crystalline solids are single crystals
True
False
Question 38
The grain structure of a polycrystalline material can be observed in the material without significant preparation.
True
False
Question 39
There are three types of electron microscopes, Transmission (TEM), Scanning (SEM), and Tunneling (TUEM).
True
False
Question 40
Defects are important for solid catalysts
True
False
Question 41
The mean intercept length is a measure of grain diameter.
True
False
Question 42
Imperfections in materials do not generally change their properties.
True
False
Question 43
The mean intercept length is computed from the average length of a grain boundary edge.
True
False
Question 44
Catalysts chemically combine with the reactant molecules in order to speed up the reaction.
True
False
Question 45
For a particular material, the higher the temperature the greater the number of vacancies.
True
False
Question 46
A twin boundary is a linear defect where the screw angles on each side of the boundary are equal.
True
False
Question 47
The regular pattern of crystal order is disrupted at a grain boundary.
True
False
Question 48
Solid solutions can only be formed by liquid material cooling to a solid.
True
False
Question 49
Alloys do not usually have significantly difference properties of the constituent metals.
True
False
Question 50
When an atom is missing from a crystal structure position, it is referred to as a self-interstitial.
True
False
BACKGROUND
The amino acid sequence for a protein that is associated with the onset of Huntington's Disease in humans is 582 amino acids long and is provided below. This disease is autosomal dominant and results in a prolonged degeneration of nerve cells in the brain.
INSTRUCTIONS
1. For this assignment, use any method you determine most feasible (i.e. programming in MATlab, R script, Crystal Ball, Witchcraft/Hocus Pocus, etc.) to decipher the amino acid composition of this protein and answer the 15 questions associated with this protein and its associated amino acid structure.
2. You will be calculating proportions (percentages - %) for this assignment. Calculate all proportions to 1 decimal place and make sure you have rounded up or down correctly. If unsure, use a spreadsheet program such as Excel to display your proportional calculations to 1 decimal place.
3. Spelling matters (Incorrect spelling will be graded as such - incorrect).
5. Download/copy the sequence and review the questions so you can double check your numbers before proceeding through the homework.
Huntington Disease Associated Protein Amino Acid Sequence
The first amino acid below ('m') represents the amino (NH3) terminus of this protein. The last amino acid in this sequence represents the carboxy (COOH) terminus and is the very last 'c' at the bottom of this protein sequence structure. The amino acids are numbered individually across the rows (left to right) beginning from the amino terminus (#1) to the carboxy terminus (#582).
mvskreniat | hhlyqawdpv | pslspattga | lisheklllq | inperelgsm | syklgqvsih |
svwlgnsitp | lreeewdeee | eeeadapaps | spptspvnsr | khragvdihs | csqfllelys |
rwilpsssar | rtpailisev | vrsllvvsdl | fternqfelm | yvtltelrrv | hpsedeilaq |
ylvpatckaa | avlgmdkava | epvsrllest | lrsshlpsrv | galhgilyvl | ecdllddtak |
qlipvisdyl | lsnlkgiahc | vnihsqqhvl | vmcatafyli | enypldvgpe | fsasiiqmcg |
vmlsgseest | psiiyhcalr | glerlllseq | lsrldaeslv | klsvdrvnvh | sphramaalg |
lmltcmytgk | ekvspgrtsd | pnpaapdses | vivamervsv | lfdrirkgfp | cearvvaril |
pqflddffpp | qdimnkvige | flsnqqpypq | fmatvvykvf | qtlhstgqss | mvrdwvmlsl |
snftqrapva | matwslscff | vsastspwva | ailphvisrm | gkleqvdvnl | fclvatdfyr |
hqieeeldrr | afqsvlevva | apgspyhrll | tclrnvhkvt | tc | CARBOXY TERMINUS |
I posted this before with no replies! It's urgent.
I need this decoded because I don't have any access to any coding methods in order to answer the following questions:
a.) a.) What is the name of the least abundant amino acid in this protein?
b.) What proportion of the total amino acids in the protein does this individual amino acid represent?
c.) What is the proportion of essential amino acids included in this protein sequence?
d.)The amino acid sequence from residues 73-85 is represented by the amino acids EEEWDEEEEEEAD, how would you generally classify this small region of the protein? Choose from: neutral, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, negatively charged, positively charged
e.)Two amino acids are present in the same proportion in this protein, which two are those?
f.)Which class of amino acids is the most abundant in this protein?
g.) What amino acid(s) is/are present at locations 572 and 582 in the Huntington Disease protein (Full Amino Acid Name(s)).
h.)What type of structure could form between these amino acids that could help stabilize this protein's structure?
i.) Which class of amino acids is least abundant in this protein?
j.)Summed together, how many hydrophilic amino acid residues are present in this protein?