BIOL 1001 : BIOLOGY EXAM 2 NOTES

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azuremammoth471

15 Mar 2019

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Amino acid polymers: many roles in cells, enzymes, hormones, structures . Specific structure of a protein leads to a specific function: generic amino acid remember 20 different r groups. Carboxyl group bonds to carbon (carboxyl acid group (cooh), can be an acid or not) Then r group added for specific amino acid. Structural proteins: hair no cell component, strand of proteins, horn, silk. 3 basic types of amino acids: glutamic acid (glu, arginine (arg) Hydrophilic - loves water: phenylalanine (phe, leucine (leu) Hydrophobic - hates water: cysteine (cys) - forms disulfide bridges, methionine. When amino acids hate water (hydrophobic) are paired with ones that love water (hydrophilic), the ones that do not like water (hydrophobic) will hide underneath the ones that like water (hydrophilic) and form some sort of sphere. Depending on whether that water is acidic or alkaline, that will change the way the amino acids act in the water.

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For each of the following sentences, fill in the blanks with the best word or phrase selected from the list below. Not all words or phrases will be used; each word or phrase should be used only once. Proteins are ______________ built from amino acids, which each have an amino group and a _____________ group attached to the central _______________. There are twenty possible _______________ that differ in structure and are generally referred to as âR.â In solutions of neutral pH, amino acids are _______________, carrying both a positive and negative charge. When a protein is made, amino acids are linked together through _______________, which are formed by condensation reactions between the carboxyl end of the last amino acid and the ___________________ end of the next amino acid to be added to the growing chain.

a: amino	b: ionized	c: polypeptides
d: alpha-carbon	e: length	f: protein
g: carbon	h: noncovalent	i: R group
j: carboxyl	k: peptide bonds	l: side chains

m: hydroxide

indigofrog836

1. Polypeptide strands is the active form of a digestive enzyme in the stomach that breaks polypeptide chains into smaller polypeptides.

2. Cleavage of proteins by pepsin in the stomach results in formation of pepsinogen which get broken down further in the small intestine.

3. An amino acid chain made up of three amino acids joined together is called a tripeptide.

4. Dipeptide describes an amino acid chain made up of two amino acids joined together.

5. The 20 different amino acids are the building blocks used for protein synthesis.

6. Amino acid pools are stockpiles found in the blood and other cells of the body that can be used to build new proteins.

7. The continual process of degrading and synthesizing protein is called protein turnover.

8. The stomach produces pepsin, which denatures protein.

9. Denaturation occurs when a protein is exposed to heat, acid, bases, or mechanical agitation resulting in unfolding of the protein, though the peptide bonds remain intact.

10. The part of an amino acid that contains nitrogen is called the amine group.

11. The acid group is also known as the carboxyl group.

12. Single amino acids that are absorbed in the small intestine travel to the liver via the portal vein.

Please correct these sentences AS SOON AS POSSIBLE.. Some of them are not correct and I didn't figure out what are they!

violetdog828

1. In biology, the term "ionic bond" is used differently than inchemistry. A biological "ionic bond" is used to describe theinteraction of an R group containing a carboxyl group(âCOO^â) with an R group containing an amino group(âNH₃⁺). From this description, what do youunderstand a biological "ionic bond" to be?

a. van der waals interaction

b. hydrogen bond

c. Electrostatic interaction

d. covalent bond

2. The three dimensional arrangement of alpha helices,beta-sheets and other parts of the polypeptide chain is called

a. primary structure

b. secondary strucutre

c. tertiary structure

d. quaternary structure

3. Multiple polypeptide chains are held together by

a. peptide bond

b. intermolecular forces

4. What holds multiple polypeptides together? (Choose bestanswer)

a. R groups

b. amino groups

c. carboxylate group

5. Which of the following single-celled organisms is an exampleof a prokaryote?

a. algae

b. yeast

c. amoeba

d. bacteria

6. Which of the following is an insect most closely relatedto?

a. tree

b. mushroom

c. fish

d. bacteria

7. In evolutionary history, which was the most ancientdivergence?

a. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

b. Birds and reptiles

c. Rats and mice

d. Plants and animals

8. In evolutionary history, which was the most recentdivergence?

a. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

b. Birds and reptiles

c. Rats and mice

d. Plants and animals

9. What is the chemical equation for ATP synthesis?

a. ADP + P_i â¶ ATP + H₂O

b. ATP + H₂O â¶ ADP + P_i

_c. ADP + H₂O â¶ ATP + P_i

_d. ATP + P_i â¶ ADP +H₂O

9. What is glycolysis?]

a. It is the oxidation of three-carbon molecules into carbondioxide.

b. It is the splitting of six-carbon sugars into three carbonmolecules with the synthesis of ATP.

c. It is the transport of electrons to power the synthesis ofATP.

d. It is the synthesis of sugars from carbon dioxide.

10. What chemistry concept describes whether a reaction orprocess can occur spontaneously?

a. therodynamics

b. kinetics

mauvetortoise304

BIOL 1001 : BIOLOGY EXAM 2 NOTES

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