PSYC 2500 Study Guide - Quiz Guide: Classical Conditioning, Preconditioner, Operant Conditioning
Understanding Lifespan Development; Introductory Exam #1
➢ Development is the systematic changes and continuities in an individual.
o Between conception and death!
REMEMBER THE 3 DOMAINS:
1. Physical/biological
2. Cognitive
3. Psychosocial
▪ Hobbes viewed babies as bad—sinful and selfish. “Hobbes HATES babies.”
▪ Locke viewed babies as ‘blank slates.’
▪ Rousseau viewed babies as born with ‘innate purity’ and society misdirects them.
Know these men—
Freud
Psychoanalytical theory
5 stages—oral, anal, phallic, latent, & genital
Id
Ego
Superego
Erikson
Psychosocial theory
Neo-Freudian
Less emphasis on sexual urges
Less emphasis on rational ego
Adaptive view of human nature
Piaget
4 stages—sensorimotor, preoperational,
concrete operations, & formal operations
3 basic flaws with preoperational—centration,
egocentric, & irreversibility
Watson
Classical Conditioning
Baby Albert Experiment with Reynar
Bandura
Social-cognitive theory
4 steps—attention, retention, motor
reproduction, & motivation
Classical Conditioning – Watson and Reynar
1. Preconditioning
2. Conditioning
3. Postconditioning
Operant Conditioning – B.F. Skinner
Behavior more or less probable depending on
consequences.
-Reinforcement occurs when a consequence
strengthens or weakens a response—to make
a behavior more or less likely to occur.
Learning by association!
Unconditioned Stimulus—automatic
stimulus
Unconditioned Response—automatic
response
Positive
reinforcement:
A good consequence
is added.
Positive punishment:
A bad consequence is
removed.
Negative
reinforcement:
Negative punishment:
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Development is the systematic changes and continuities in an individual: between conception and death! Remember the 3 domains: physical/biological, cognitive, psychosocial, hobbes viewed babies as bad sinful and selfish. Hobbes hates babies. : locke viewed babies as blank slates. ", rousseau viewed babies as born with innate purity" and society misdirects them. Classical conditioning watson and reynar: preconditioning, conditioning, postconditioning. 4 stages sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, & formal operations. 3 basic flaws with preoperational centration, egocentric, & irreversibility. Behavior more or less probable depending on consequences. Reinforcement occurs when a consequence strengthens or weakens a response to make a behavior more or less likely to occur. Cross-sectional observe people of different cohorts at one point in time. (easy) Longitudinal observe people of one age group repeatedly over time. (medium) Ethics: apa (american psychological association, protecting patients" rights. Informed consent: protection from harm, debriefing, confidentiality. Gene-environment correlation = genes are associated/related on your environment.
