CHEM 2311- Midterm Exam Guide - Comprehensive Notes for the exam ( 61 pages long!)

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5 Oct 2017
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4 mechanisms / general types of reactions: substitutions, additions, eliminations, rearrangements. Cleavage of covalent bonds: homolysis ~ breaking of bonds where one molecule carries 1 electron, heterolysis ~ breaking od bond such that a molecule takes all the electrons while the other molecule takes none. Bronsted lowry definitions: bronsted lowry acid ~ substance that can donate a proton, bronsted lowry base ~ substance that can accept a proton. Lewis definitions: lewis acid ~ electron pair acceptor, lewis base ~ electron pair donor. Increasingly electronegative atoms (1) polarize the bond to hydrogen. And (2) stabilizes the conjugate base: acidity decreases as bonds become longer and weaker. Relationship between equilibrium constant and standard change of free energy. If g is negative, products are favored at equilibrium. If h is negative (exothermic), this makes a negative contribution to change in free energy. If s is positive (less ordered state), this makes a negative contribution to free energy.

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