PCB 4594 Study Guide - Summer 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Messenger Rna, Mesoderm, Gene
PCB 4594
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
What happens if an extra ZPA is grafted?
Duplication of structures
What are Hox genes important for?
Patterning in limb
Perturbations in Shh signaling can cause what?
Polydactyly (extra digits)
Name 4 model organisms commonly used in regeneration research
Planaria (flatworms)
Crickets & Axoloti (Salamander)
Goldfish & Mice
Morphallaxis
New cell division occurs
Re-patterning of existing tissue
Epimorphosis
Growth of completely new patterned structures
Ex: Limb regrowth
Blastema
Regeneration bud
-undifferentiated proliferating cells
What kind of signaling is important for establishing polarity (direction) of regeneration?
Wnt/ B-Catenin
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
-posterior side of worm expresses this
What types of tissues can be regenerated in salamanders?
Limbs, heart tissue, lens tissue
Prod 1
Key protein in patterning that encodes proximal/distal values in regenerating limbs
-only found in Salamanders
Efh
Family of proteins found in salamanders that also appear to be involved in regeneration
What is the biggest risk factor for cancer?
Aging
Name 3 aging-related diseases besides cancer
Alzheimers
Diabetes Type II
Parkinsons
Hayflick Limit
Most cells in culture can't divide indefinitely but will age and no longer divide after a tissue-specific limit
What is Senescence?
Cellular aging
What is Senescence related to?
Replication (# of cell divisions) & to stress
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Name 4 model organisms commonly used in regeneration research. Key protein in patterning that encodes proximal/distal values in regenerating limbs. Family of proteins found in salamanders that also appear to be involved in regeneration. Most cells in culture can"t divide indefinitely but will age and no longer divide after a tissue-specific limit. Replication (# of cell divisions) & to stress. What are the 2 cell autonomous processes that influence development of cellular aging? p16-ink4a & arf. This mechanism evolved in older cells to prevent cancer. High levels of these proteins contribute to cellular aging and the hayflick limit. When telomeres become too short, cell can"t divide. Insulin signaling was first discovered in which animal model: elegans. Gain of function: hypermorphic mutant, neomorphic mutant. Gain an additional function that it didn"t have before. Unbiased genetic screen for mutations that disrupt a specific biological process. You are creating mutations and hope that it changes something.
