PHILOS 104 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Utilitarianism, Metaphysics, David Hume
PHILOS 104
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Hobbes: his argument is highly sensitive to the ideology of human nature as it is heavily based
upon it
Desire - appetite, aversion
Felicity
“Compatibilist”
Power - means to an end in satisfying happiness/wants
--->natural to become hungry for power after gaining power
-to be alive is to seek new desires
Conditions to be expressed when dealing w/ others in the state of nature:
(a) - equality - In the state of nature each person has a reasonable sense to achieving the
power they want
(b) - Scarcity - results in competition with each other ------->leads to
(c) - diffidence - condition of trust and insecurity
(d) - Anticipation -
(i) Rationality ----->prudential (self-interested)
Vainglory - desires power through interest in superficial power over others
Right of Nature ---laws=precepts of morality, precepts of reason
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Hobbes: “Each of us has a right to everything; even each other’s bodies”
Right of Nature (liberty)
++Laws of Nature - precepts of reason; rational perception ----> appetites
-Content: moral precepts (between individuals)
(a) Seek peace
(b) Lay down rights
(i) Binding agreements; contracts -------->OBLIGATION
(ii) Pacts/covenants ----------> JUSTICE
(c) Rules of conventional morality
Hobbes remains objective and each law or nature has its own escape clause
● Creates peace through primitive instincts to ensure desires
Paradoxical situation: imperfectly rational thinkers do not apply to the Laws of Nature
------>sovereign
Justice is defined relative to contracts or agreements
Solution to State of Nature: establishment of absolute authority
Document Summary
Hobbes : his argument is highly sensitive to the ideology of human nature as it is heavily based upon it. Power - means to an end in satisfying happiness/wants. -->natural to become hungry for power after gaining power. To be alive is to seek new desires. Vainglory - desires power through interest in superficial power over others. Right of nature ---laws=precepts of morality, precepts of reason. Hobbes: each of us has a right to everything; even each other"s bodies . ++laws of nature - precepts of reason; rational perception ----> appetites. Content: moral precepts (between individuals) (a) seek peace (b) lay down rights (i) (ii) Pacts/covenants ----------> justice (c) rules of conventional morality. Hobbes remains objective and each law or nature has its own escape clause. Creates peace through primitive instincts to ensure desires. Paradoxical situation: imperfectly rational thinkers do not apply to the laws of nature. Justice is defined relative to contracts or agreements.
