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MODR 1770 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Pathos, Free Writing, Brainstorming

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School
York University
Department
Modes Of Reasoning
Course
MODR 1770
Professor
Hillary Davis

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Document Summary

Argument- an argument is a set of claims in which one claim is persuasive and the others are offered as reasons which justify or support that persuasive claim. A conclusion the statement being supported, your persuasive claim. Claims - statements that can be proven true of false: only complete sentences can be claims, questions, exclamations, greetings, and commands are not claims, rhetorical questions can be reworded to be claims. Must have a persuasive claim(conclusion) supported by at least one reason (premise) A true conclusion can be supported by weak reasons. Premises are usually preceded by words & phrases such as because, for, since, on the ground that, inasmuch as, etc. Conclusions are generally preceded by words & phrases such as therefore, hence, consequently, it follows that, thus, so, (cid:449)e (cid:373)a(cid:455) i(cid:374)fer that, (cid:449)e (cid:373)a(cid:455) (cid:272)o(cid:374)(cid:272)lude that . Explanations, apologies, announcements, commands, jokes, expressions of feeling, compliments, opinions, and questions are not arguments.

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Related Questions

For example, consider the following argument:
"Measles can't be cured by antibiotics, since Measles is caused by a virus, and antibiotics can't cure a viral infection."

We can see that the argument contains the word "since," which is a premise indicator. We know that what follows "since" will be the premises. We also know, through the process of elimination, that what precedes the word "since" is the conclusion. So my standardized argument will look like this:

1) Measles is caused by a virus. 2) Antibiotics can't cure a viral infection. therefore, 3) Measles can't be cured by antibiotics.

Now we can see the relationship of support between the premises and conclusion. We are asked to accept the conclusion, "Measles can't be cured by antibiotics," based on the two supporting premises. Notice that all of the premises and the conclusion are statements, that is, complete sentences that are either true or false. Also, notice that the premise indicator "since" has been omitted. We always omit premises and conclusion indicators when putting arguments into standard form and make sure that the components of our argument are statements, that is, complete sentences that are either true or false.

For credit on this assignment, do the following:

1) Put the following arguments into standard form:

a) "All dogs are carnivores, consequently, Max is a carnivore, for the reason that Max is a dog."

b) "Rebecca does not pray at the mosque, for she is not a Muslim and only Muslims pray at the mosque."

c) "To every existing thing God wills some good. Hence, since to love any thing is nothing else than to will good to that thing, it is manifest that God loves everything that exists."

2) Create your own argument:

a) Construct an argument of your own using two different premise indicators and one conclusion indicator with the following conclusion: "Now, more than ever, everyone needs to take a class in logic."

b) Then put the argument into standard form.

1. If a strong argument has a false conclusion, then not all its premises can be true.

  True
  False

2. Reference works, such as dictionaries and encyclopedias, are completely reliable sources of information, otherwise, they wouldn't be reference works.

  True
  False

3. You are rationally justified in accepting the view of the majority of experts in a given subject, even if this view turns out later to have been incorrect.

  True
  False

4. If someone has given bad reasons for a claim's acceptance, the claim should always be rejected.

  True
  False

5. If no reasons have been given for a claim's acceptance, the claim should always be rejected.

  True
  False

6. If you have reason to believe that an expert is biased, you should reject that expert's claim as false.

  True
  False

7. If we 'suspend judgment'€ on a claim, then we think the claim is false.

  True
  False

8. Our most reliable source of information about the world is our own observations.

  True
  False

9. Media consolidation (otherwise known as "media concentration") refers to the process of larger companies buying up smaller media companies.

  True
  False

10. Choose the answer that best characterizes the following passage: "The ensemble played an encore at last year's concert, and I'm pretty sure they played one the year before as well. So they will most likely play an encore at this year's concert."

  This passage is neither an attempt at an argument nor an attempt at an explanation. It is just a series of claims.
  This passage is an explanation.
  This passage is an attempt at a deductive argument.
  This passage is an attempt at an inductive argument.

11. Choose the answer that best characterizes the following passage: "Sheila's clarinet must be French. It's a Leblanc, and all Leblanc instruments are made in France."

  This passage is neither an argument nor an explanation.
  This passage is a deductive argument.
  This passage is an inductive argument.
  This passage is both deductive and inductive.

What exactly was Hooker's response to Darwin's, Origin of Species? Thank you for your help. I need help deciphering what his opinions truly were.

Hooker, J. D. 1859. [Review of] On the origin of species. Gardeners' Chronicle (31 December): 1052. Part 1.

From the above expressions it will be inferred that we have risen from the perusal of Mr. DARWIN'S book much impressed with its importance, and have moreover found it to be so dependent on the phenomena of horticultural operations, for its facts and results, and so full of experiments that may be repeated and discussed by intelligent gardeners, and of ideas that may sooner fructify in their minds than in those of any other class of naturalists, that we shall be doing them (and we hope also science) a service by dwelling in some detail upon its contents. Thus much we may premise, that it is a book teeming with deep thoughts on numberless simple and complex phenomena of life; that its premises in almost all cases appear to be correct; that its reasoning is apparently close and sound, its style clear, and we need hardly add its subject and manner equally attractive and agreeable; it is also a perfectly ingenuous book, bold in expressions as in thought where the author adduces what he considers clear evidence in his favour, frank in the statement of objections to the hypotheses or conclusions founded on its facts and reasonings; and uniformly courteous to antagonistic doctrines. In fine, whatever may be thought of Mr. DARWIN'S ultimate conclusions, it cannot be denied that it would be difficult in the whole range of the literature of science to find a book so exclusively devoted to the development of theoretical inquiries, which at the same time is throughout so full of conscientious care, so fair in argument, and so considerate in tone. . . . Hitherto most [naturalists] have, as we have already observed, contented themselves with the hypothesis that they were independently created, and the minority have clung to the only other explanation hitherto conceived, that they have all been created by variation from a single first-created living organism, or a few such. Now it must be borne in mind that both these views are mere hypotheses in a scientific point of view; neither has any inherent or prescriptive right to a preference in the mind of the impartial inquirer; but the most superficial observation will show that the hypothesis of original creations is incapable of absolute proof, except the operation be witnessed by credible naturalists, and can only be supported by facts that are either not conclusive against the opposite doctrine, or may be regarded as equally favourable to it; and this hypothesis is hence placed at a disadvantage in comparison with that of the creation of species by variation, which takes its stand on the familiar fact that species do depart from the likeness of their progenitors, both in a wild and domestic state. On the other hand the hypothesis of creation by variation labours under the disadvantage of being founded upon a series of phenomena, the action of each of which individually, as explained by Mr. DARWIN, would appear to prevent the possibility of species retaining their characters for any length of time, and it therefore appears at first sight opposed to the undisputed fact, that many hundreds of animals and plants have transmitted their characters unchanged (or nearly so) through countless generations, and covered, even within the historic period, many square miles of country each with millions of its exact counterpart. To explain this anomaly and to raise this hypothesis of creations by variation to the rank of a scientific theory, is the object of Mr. DARWIN'S book, and to do this he has endeavoured to invent and prove such an intelligible rationale of the operation of variation, as will account for many species having been developed from a few in strict adaptation to existing conditions, and to show good cause how these apparently fleeting changelings may by the operation of natural laws be so far fixed as to reconcile both the naturalist and the common observer to the idea, that what in all his experience are immutable forms of life may have once worn another guise. The hypothesis itself is a very old one; it was, as all the world knows, strongly advocated by LAMARCK, and later still by the author of the "Vestiges of the Natural History of the Creation," but neither of these authors were able to suggest even a plausible method according to which Nature might have proceeded in producing suitable varieties, getting rid of intermediate forms, and giving a temporary stability to such as are recognised as species by all observers. Mr. DARWIN has been more successful, though whether completely so or not the future alone can show. We shall proceed to examine his method in another article.