BIOL 2905- Final Exam Guide - Comprehensive Notes for the exam ( 382 pages long!)

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Describe how organisms can sense light with & without image-forming eyes (including structure & function of photoreceptors: plants, alga, invertebrates & bacteria lack organs, eyespot: fou(cid:374)d i(cid:374) si(cid:374)gle (cid:272)elled gree(cid:374) alga (cid:894)c rei(cid:374)hardtii(cid:895). It"s light se(cid:374)sitive structure found in chloroplasts of cells. Composed of 2 \ changes in concentration of ions which generates electrical events: in plants, photoreceptors called phytochrome senses light. Whe(cid:374) they"re a(cid:272)tive it (cid:271)e(cid:272)o(cid:373)es a sig(cid:374)al transducing pathway that reaches the nucleus. In the nucleus, these signals activate genes which encodes for proteins involved in photosynthesis. Protanopes who are missing their long wavelength cones. Deuteranopes are missing their medium sensitive cones. The molecules are damaging to proteins & molecules. This results in the loss of function & death of cell: plants are exposed to light. Photosystems are often repaired every 20 minutes: uv-radiations is damaging to biological molecules. Uv-rays can cause dimers, change shape of dna & prevent replications & transcription.

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