Psychology 1000 Study Guide - Quiz Guide: Albert Bandura, Observational Learning, Thematic Apperception Test
3 Jun 2018
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Trait and Biological Perspectives
• Factor analysis – statistical technique that permits a researcher to reduce a large
number of measures to a small number of clusters or factors
o Factor of introversion includes not attending parties, enjoying solitary activities,
etc.
• Raymond B. Cattell developed 16 basic behaviour clusters of personality
• Hans Eysenck proposed two basic dimensions of personality
o Introversion-Extraversion and Stability-Instability
o Added third factor called Psychoticism (creativity, impulsivity, social deviance) –
Self Control
o Linked dimensions to differences in normal patterns of arousal in brain
▪ Claimed introverts to be overaroused
• Big Five factor model proposes that openness, conscientiousness, extraversion,
agreeableness, and neuroticism are principle factors of personality
• Mersho ad Gersuh foud that theories with ore traits suh as Cattell’s are etter
at predicting specific behaviours
• Traits found to be both stable and changing
o Introversion-extraversion, emotionality, and activity level are quite stable
o Stability found in optimistic or pessimistic view to negative life events
• Three fators ause diffiult i preditio o asis of persoalit traits’ relatio to
behaviour
o Traits interact with other traits and characteristics in different situations
o Degree of consistency across situations is influenced by how important a given
trait is for a person
o People differ in tendency to tailor behaviour to what is called for by the situation
▪ Self-monitoring – personality trait that reflects people’s tedeies to
regulate social behaviour in accord with situational cues as opposed to
internal values, attitudes, and needs
Social Cognitive Theories
• Social cognitive theorists combine behavioural and cognitive perspectives into an
approach to personality that stresses the interaction of a thinking human with a social
environment that provides learning experiences
o Take into account both internal and external factors
• Reciprocal determinism – two way causal relations between the person, behaviour, and
the environment
• Julian Rotter: Expectancy, Reinforcement Value, and Locus of Control
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