Philosophy 3006F/G Study Guide - Winter 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Aristotle, Soul, Substance Theory
12 Oct 2018
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Philosophy 3006F/G
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
3006 – January 11 & 16, 2018
Categories
Notes from Reading: Categories
Ch. 1 – Not Said-Of and Not Present-In
• Things can have a common name but be different things
• The definition of one particular thing is only appropriate to that specific thing
o Above to poits = euioall
o Same word, different meanings
▪ Dot hae the sae defiitio
▪ I.e. seal (wax seal, animal, singer, act of sealing things)
▪ Aistotles eaple: eal a ad a a i a pitue
• Both a e gie the ae aial ut ae diffeet
• Things can have the same definition and be the same thing
o Aoe poit = uioall
▪ One single word and same definition
▪ Wods ae eig used uioall he the ea the sae thig
▪ Calling you a human being and me a human being
• Something can have its definition derived from some other thing but differ in termination
o Aoe poit = deiatiel – between equivocal and univocal
▪ I.e., health – in the body of another thing
▪ Is it healthy to drink 9 cups of coffee today vs. is my body healthy?
• Not euioal eause the defiitios aet opletel diffeet
▪ Primitive sense and derived sense
• Bodily health = primitive
• Coffee health = derivative
• Deiatie = otiutig to the piitie i.e., is eeise health…it is deied
from the bodily definition of healthy)
▪ Common in terms of derrivation
• Entries that are neither said-of nor present-in anything = primary substances
o Particular that is non-accidental (not predicated of anything accidentally and not entities which
are temporary, accidentally characterized, or artificially unified)
o Not said-of anything = primary substances are not predicated of anything either (they
themselves are essential unities and not predicable at all)
• All other entities depend on primary substances
Ch. 2 – Not Said-Of and Present-In
• Subject (I am a subject – individual substances – have existence/being)
• 4 possibilities
o Square analogy
▪ You have one square
▪ You have another square
▪ You have both squares
▪ Or you have neither squares
• Given an ash tray, it can be said of the ash tray that it is heavy
• Things can be present in a subject and predicable of a subject as well as unpredicable
find more resources at oneclass.com
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• There is also a class of things that are neither present nor predicable
• Accidental = non-substantial particulars
• Substantial particulars cannot exist apart from primary substances
• Non-substantial particular is a dependent entity
• I.e., “oates hiteess aot eist ithout “oates
Ch. 3 – Said-Of and Not Present-In
• Primary substances = particulars
o Members of natural kinds
o Characterized by their secondary substances (universals)
• Secondary substances = universals
o I.e., man
o Essential characteristics of primary substances
o Kinds to which primary substances below
Ch. 4 – Said-Of and Present-In
• A being that is both said-of and present-in a primary substance is an accidental universal
• I.e., Knowledge or whiteness
o The universal whiteness is said-of many primary substances but is only accidental to them
Lecture Notes – January 11, 2018
• Gateway into metaphysics
• What kinds of things there are and what are the most important things?
o Plato = the Forms
o Aristotle disagrees with Plato
• Aristotle = polymath (wide range in interest)
o Much or many
o (polu – much/many) (manthanein – to learn)
• Categories = ontology – what kinds of things are there?
• Kategoria – latin word for categories
o Predication (something that is said of something else; trying to tell someone about something)
▪ Figure out the difference between the something that is said of and the something else)
o What does it mean to say something about something else?
▪ Attributing a characteristic to something else
• Examples of predication:
o The man runs
o Socrates walks
o Aristotle is in the marketplace
o Whales are mammals
▪ Mammals are vertebrates
o Violets are blue
• All the examples above have subjects
o Man, Socrates, Aristotle, whales, violets
• All of the examples above have predicates (describing the subject)
o Runs
o Walks
o Marketplace
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
I. e. , health in the body of another thing. 3 said-of and not present-in: primary substances = particulars, members of natural kinds, characterized by their secondary substances (universals, secondary substances = universals. I. e. , man: essential characteristics of primary substances, kinds to which primary substances below. 4 said-of and present-in: a being that is both said-of and present-in a primary substance is an accidental universal. I. e. , knowledge or whiteness: the universal whiteness is said-of many primary substances but is only accidental to them. Lecture notes january 11, 2018: gateway into metaphysics, what kinds of things there are and what are the most important things, plato = the forms, aristotle disagrees with plato, aristotle = polymath (wide range in interest) What sorts of things are out there? (cid:862) o(cid:272)(cid:396)ates (cid:449)alks(cid:863: what socrates is doing, what socrates is capable of, tells us something about potentiality, what kind of a thing we are dealing with, what it(cid:859)s esse(cid:374)(cid:272)e is.
