Biology 2581B Study Guide - Quiz Guide: Red Algae, Heterokont, Unikont

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Eukaryotic Diversity

Origins of Eukaryotes

→ The earliest known cells had prokaryotic organisation

→ Thought that mitochondria and chloroplasts are probably descendants of bacteria that were

engulfed by a large host cell during a process called endosymbiosis

→ First eukaryotes were unicellular organisms and now they are found as both unicellular and

multicellular organisms

Diversity of Eukarya

→ Multicellular groups animals, plants and fungi are all in the Domain Eukarya but most species

in Eukarya are unicellular organisms

→ Some unicellular eukaryotes are not classified as animals, plants, or fungi – protists

→ Protista = old name for unicellular eukaryotes, no longer valid taxon

Structural and Functional Diversity

→ Huge variation in what eukaryotes look like and what they do

→ Unicellular and multicellular species

→ Cells of unicellular species may be large and complex

→ Phototrophs (chloroplasts to make food from light), heterotrophs (ingests food), or both at

once

→ Cell walls, rigid shell/skeleton, or neither

The Kingdoms of Eukarya

→ Animalia, Plantae, and Fungi

→ Animals – all vertebrates including fish and birds, all invertebrates including insects, starfish

etc, multicellular (ingestive nutrition), not Protists (protozoa) as unicellular

→ Plants – land and aquatic plants (multicellular, green), may include green algae (multicellular

and unicellular)

→ Fungi – not including filamentous prokaryotes

Eukarya Supergroups

→ Excavata (Diplomonads, Parabasalids, Euglenozoans) – Giardia intestinalis (diarrhoea),

Trypanosoma brucei (sleeping sickness), Euglena (photosynthetic pond dweller)

→ Archaeplastida (red algae, green algae, land plants) – all have chloroplasts derived from

cyanobacteria, red/green algae include multicellular seaweeds and colonial forms as well as

unicellular species (important aquatic photosynthesisers), land plants (Plantae) belong here

→ ‘SAR’ Clade (Stramenopiles, Alveolates, Rhizarians) – Plasmodium vivax – apicomplexan

(malaria), Paramecium – ciliate (pond dweller)

→ Unikonta (Amoebozoans, Opisthokonts) – fungi belong here (with closest unicellular

relatives), Animals belong here (with closest unicellular relatives), slime molds, most

amoebae (free-living and parasitic)

WHAT TO REMEMBER:

→ What is a eukaryote?

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Document Summary

The earliest known cells had prokaryotic organisation. Thought that mitochondria and chloroplasts are probably descendants of bacteria that were engulfed by a large host cell during a process called endosymbiosis. First eukaryotes were unicellular organisms and now they are found as both unicellular and multicellular organisms. Multicellular groups animals, plants and fungi are all in the domain eukarya but most species in eukarya are unicellular organisms. Some unicellular eukaryotes are not classified as animals, plants, or fungi protists. Protista = old name for unicellular eukaryotes, no longer valid taxon. Huge variation in what eukaryotes look like and what they do. Cells of unicellular species may be large and complex. Phototrophs (chloroplasts to make food from light), heterotrophs (ingests food), or both at once. Animals all vertebrates including fish and birds, all invertebrates including insects, starfish etc, multicellular (ingestive nutrition), not protists (protozoa) as unicellular. Plants land and aquatic plants (multicellular, green), may include green algae (multicellular and unicellular)

Related Questions

Question 1

The process by which RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template is â¦

Select one:

a. replication

b. transcription

c. translation

d. inspiration

Question 2

Which of the following occurs during meiosis but not mitosis?

Select one:

a. DNA condenses into chromosomes

b. nuclear envelop disappears

c. homologous chromosomes separate

d. sister chromatids separate

Question 3

Which part of the animal life cycle is haploid?

Select one:

a. gamete

b. zygote

c. sporophyte

d. spore

Question 4

Single celled eukaryotic organisms are â¦

Select one:

a. viruses

b. bacterial

c. archaea

d. protists

Question 5

Which type of cellular division results in the formation of diploid cells from a diploid parent cell?

Select one:

a. mitosis

b. meiosis

c. interphase

d. A and B but not C

e. all of the above

Question 6

A sequence of DNA that codes for a single protein is a â¦

Select one:

a. gene

b. ribosome

c. mRNA

d. none of the above

Question 7

Which of the following is characteristic of animals?

Select one:

a. heterotrophic

b. sexual reproduction

c. embryonic development

d. all of the above

Question 8

All genes have only two possible alleles.

Select one:

True

False

Question 9

The presence of membrane-bound organelles is characteristic of â¦

Select one:

a. prokaryotes

b. viruses

c. bacteria

d. eukaryotes

Question 10

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Select one:

a. fatty acids

b. amino acids

c. nucleic acids

d. all of the above

Question 11

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Select one:

a. Mitosis

b. Interphase

c. Meiosis

d. Replicosis

Question 12

Which of the following characteristic is shared among fungi and animals?

Select one:

a. autotrophic

b. heterotrophic

c. cell walls

d. absorb nutrients

Question 13

A error in DNA replication that goes unrepaired is a â¦

Select one:

a. chromosome

b. chromatid

c. mutation

d. none of the above

Question 14

Alternate forms of a gene are called ________.

Select one:

a. chromatids

b. chromosomes

c. ribosomal subunits

d. alleles

Question 15

The physical expression of a genotype is the phenotype.

Select one:

True

False

Question 16

In complete dominance, a heterozygous genotype results in â¦

Select one:

a. a recessive phenotype

b. a dominant phenotype

c. a third and unique phenotype

d. none of the above

Question 17

Which theory explains the evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes?

Select one:

a. phagocytosis

b. endosymbiosis

c. pinocytosis

d. none of the above

Question 18

Which scientist experimented with plants to describe patterns of inheritance?

Select one:

a. Mendel

b. Chase

c. Einstein

d. Watson

Question 19

Which cellular organelle contains aerobic cellular respiration?

Select one:

a. chloroplasts

b. mitochondria

c. nucleus

d. lysosome

Question 20

Which of the following statements is false?

Select one:

a. Haploid gametes are formed by meiosis

b. Mitosis forms genetically identical daughter cells

c. Mitosis results in the formation of four daughter cells from a single parent cell

d. Mitosis forms diploid daughter cells from a diploid parent cell

Question 21

The first forms of life on Earth were ________.

Select one:

a. plants

b. microorganisms

c. birds

d. dinosaurs

Question 22

Which of the following is used to separate chromosomes during nuclear division?

Select one:

a. cytoskeleton

b. microtubules

c. actin and myosin

d. amoeboid movement

e. all of the above

Question 23

Which generation is most dominant in more primitive plants?

Select one:

a. bryophyte

b. sporophyte

c. gametophyte

d. androphyte

Question 24

Which of the following is characteristic of plants?

Select one:

a. autotrophic

b. contain chloroplasts

c. multicellular

d. all of the above

Question 25

During which phase of mitosis do chromosome line up along the middle of the cell?

Select one:

a. prophase

b. metaphase

c. anaphase

d. telophase

Question 26

During which phase of mitosis does DNA condense into distinct chromosomes?

Select one:

a. prophase

b. metaphase

c. anaphase

d. telophase

Question 27

The process by which DNA is used as a template to make new DNA is â¦

Select one:

a. translation

b. replication

c. transcription

d. allocation

Question 28

Which of the following is characteristic of plant but not animal cells?

Select one:

a. chloroplasts

b. water vacuole

c. cell wall

d. all of the above

Question 29

Which meiotic division is most like mitosis?

Select one:

a. Meiosis I

b. Meiosis II

c. Meiosis III

d. Meiosis IV

Question 30

Which enzyme catalyzes replication?

Select one:

a. DNA polymerase

b. RNA polymerase

c. Ribosome

d. all of the above

Biology 2581B Study Guide - Quiz Guide: Red Algae, Heterokont, Unikont

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