[CHEM 324] - Final Exam Guide - Everything you need to know! (78 pages long)
29 Nov 2016
School
Department
Course
Professor
UVic
CHEM 324
FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
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Chem 324-L1!
Transition Metal Chemsitry!
!
Office hours: Ell 315 Wed. 12-1pm or by appointment!
Course website updated regularly!
Test 1 Wed. Sept 28 -18%!
Test 2 Fri. Oct. 21- 18%!
Test 3 Fri. Nov. 18 - 18%!
Final Exam - 46%!
!
D-Block!
-ten groups!
-4 rows?!
-define elements by which group and row they are in!
-group three triad!
-3d/4d/5d based on orbitals !
-referred to 1st,2nd,3rd row transition metals!
#-different ways of referring to d-block element!
-Platinum group metals!
#-6 most expensive for cost per ounce!
#-way more than expensive than gold!
-Coinage metals!
#-Copper, gold, silver!
-Early transitions metals-left side!
-Late transition metals-right side!
#-depends on who you ask !
-Transition element or metal more common name and interchangeable!
-s-block metals (groups q-2) readily form ionic compounds!
-p-block metals (groups 13-16) generally show a high degree of covalent bonding!
-The transition from mainly ionic to mainly covalent bonding is noticeable in progressing across a
row, from s-, through d-, to p-block!
-d- block metals in between, term transition refers to evolution of mostly ionic to more covalent
nature!
!
Characteristics that distinguish:!
-high mp & bp therefore awesome for building!
#-sodium metal melts relatively low and is like silly puddy at room temp!
-relatively low ionization energies so positive oxidation sates are common!
#-unlikely to see a metal in negative ox state!
-Metals find uses in coinage, building materials, catalysis!
#-durable products!
!
Characteristics of compounds containing the transition elements:!
-structurally:lone pairs on d-block metals are generally not stereochemically a ctive!
#-VESPR fails!
-coloured and magnetic properties!
-many stable in two ox states!
-uses ion pigments, catalysis, and some in biological systems!
!
Abundance of d-block elements:!
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-iron most abundance transition metal element (4th most abundant)!
-rarest elements are most expensive because they are about a billion times less abundant than
silicon!
!
-Reaction to selectively purify the element of interest!
-the elements are not pure in nature !
-many early elements alloys and steels!
-steel- a composite of different elements!
-chromium resistant to oxidation more than others!
-Sulfides usually in 2- state so processing needs to happen!
-Iron can be oxidized slowly by air and water--> rust!
#-oxygen, salt and water--> iron oxides!
#-mixed with other elements to increase durability and uses in building !
-Alloy Brass- Cu/Zn mix!
-Alloy Bronze Cu/Sn mix!
!
Most natural forms of d-block elements must be processed to form elements and new
compounds:!
Minerals->pure element -> uses !
-Most of these rections are oxidations wither expect to the metal!
#-metals oxidation state is zero!
# # -metal halide!
# # -Metal oxide!
# # -metal sulfide!
!
D-block elements definitions:
Consider a typical molecule containing a d-block element!
#-molecular formula: Co(NH3)5Cl3!
This is a coordination complex. Also known as a transition metal complex
-the complex consist of a central metal atom/ion and a set of ligands, And possibly free ions!
ligand- an atom, ion or molecule that is covalently bonded to the metal. Normally requires at
least 1 pair of electrons!
Coordinate bond: A M-L is a lewis acid-base interaction:
-d-block metals are generally lewis acids, particularly when they are in positive oxidation states.
The ligands serve as the lewis base!
-The ligands coordinate the metal!
-The bond is often called a coordinate bond (-its polar covalent bond)!
Coordination number:!
-Number of atoms directly bonded to the metal. Not always equal to the number of ligands.
Chelate!
Inner coordination sphere:!
-The set of ligands (not just atoms) directly bonded to the metal!
Outer coordination sphere!
-Ions or molecules not covalently bonded to the metal BUT part of the molecular formula!
!
Common ligands:!
-ligand charges is important!
-Neutral ligands classified as L!
-Anionic is X (X-)!
#-Halides!
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