MGY277H1 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Catabolite Activator Protein, Vibrio, Phospholipid
8 Jun 2018
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Department
Course
Professor
MGY277 STUDY NOTES
UNIT 1:
Name of Scientist
What they discovered/developed
Jenner
developed use of cowpox vaccine against
small pox (first truly effective
intervention against microbial disease)
Semmelwies
childbed fever killed % of women
who gave birth in hospitals at the time).
Also noted that hospitals run by
midwives rather than doctors killed less
patients
Bassi
discovered weevil at various stages of
infection with muscardine (group of
fungal pathogens that kill different
species of insects)
Koch
modern bacteriology. Discovered
causes of anthrax, cholera and TB.
Developed methods for working with
microbes in the lab. Kochs Postulates
Pasteur
developed: vaccine for rabies (pointed
toward the discovery of viruses), vaccine
for anthrax and pasteurization for food
and milk. Discovered: staph aureus,
strep pyogenes, pneumococcus,
anaerobeic fermentation by microbes,
and new pathogens of silk worms
Snow
mapped the cause of cholera and
determined that it was spread by
contaminated water.
Lister
antiseptic surgery, and influenced by
pasteurs work in microbiology. He
experimented with carbolic acid on
damaged tissue and saw that it
prevented infection. Listerine
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UNIT 2:
Definitions:
- Refraction: physical phenomenon. Its when light rays change direction due to
a change in the medium through which they travel → refractive index:
measure of relative speed of light as it passes through a medium (ex: air,
water)
- Magnification: the increase in the apparent size of the object compared to the
size of the actual object
- Resolution: ability to see objects (or points) as distinct, instead of as a blur
that combines them. Defined as the minimum distance at which two points
can be distinguished as individuals
- Contrast: ability to see objects against the background (low contrast when
object cannot be easily seen against a certain background)
Bright-field microscope
- ocular lens (magnifying): 10x
- objective lens (magnifying): 4x, 10x, 40x, and 100x
- condenser lens: focuses light from the lamp but does NOT magnify object
- calculation: objective times ocular lens will give u the total magnification
Use of Oil:
- when? The 100x lens on a birght field microscope requires that a drop of
immersion oil is placed between the slide and the lens
- how? Displaces air between lens and specimen
- why? Prevents light from missing objective lens
- oil has same refractive index as glass
Bright vs. Dark field microscope:
- Bright: light passes through specimen, then a series of magnifying lenses →
evenly illuminates entire field of view
- Dark: direct light towards specimen at an angle, only light scattered by
specimen enters objective → cells stand out as bright against a dark
background
Light vs. Electron Microscopes:
- Light: uses visible light, magnify objects (1000x), easy to observe cell size,
shape and motility
- Electron: magnify in excess of 100,000x, reveal fine details of cell structure→
disadvantage: is that lenses and specimen must be in a vacuum
Transmission vs. Scanning EM or TEM
- transmission EM or TEM: used to observe fine detail of cell structure, works
by directing electrons that either pass through or scatter. Thin sectioning:
allows you to see internal details, but process can distort cells
- Scanning EM or SEM: used to observe surface details, surface coated with
thin film of metal, beam of electrons is scanned over surface of specimen,
relatively large specimens can be viewed→3D effect
Gram-stain steps
1. crystal violent (primary stain) → cells stain purple
2. iodine (mordant)→cells remain purple
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find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
What they discovered/developed developed use of cowpox vaccine against small pox (first truly effective intervention against microbial disease) (cid:498)childbed fever(cid:499) (cid:523)killed (cid:883)(cid:882)% of women who gave birth in hospitals at the time). Also noted that hospitals run by midwives rather than doctors killed less patients discovered weevil at various stages of infection with muscardine (group of fungal pathogens that kill different species of insects) (cid:498)modern bacteriology(cid:499). Discovered microbes in the lab. (cid:498)koch(cid:495)s postulates causes of anthrax, cholera and tb. Developed methods for working with developed: vaccine for rabies (pointed toward the discovery of viruses), vaccine for anthrax and pasteurization for food and milk. He experimented with carbolic acid on damaged tissue and saw that it. Its when light rays change direction due to a change in the medium through which they travel refractive index: measure of relative speed of light as it passes through a medium (ex: air, water)
