BIOC32H3 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Electrophysiology, Nernst Equation, Neurotropic Virus

HELP WITH ALL QUESTIONS

1. Which condition occurs when the pressure in the eye is too high?

2. What lobe of the brain is required for vision?

3. Which division of the nervous system is "automatic"?

4. Which tube connects the ear with the back of the throat?

5. Which division of the nervous system is responsible for resting and digesting?

6. The cleft area between two neurons is called?

7. The photoreceptors more concentrated around periphery of the fovea are?

8. Which humor fills the anterior chamber?

9. The primary sensory area of the brain is located in which lobe?

10. The photoreceptor for color is called?

11. The unmyelinated area of a myelinated axon is called the node of?

12. The bundle of fibers that connects the hemispheres is called the?

13. A part of the brain associated with aggressiveness, and found to be larger than normal in sociopaths/psychopaths, is the?

14. The primary motor cortex is in which lobe of the brain?

15. Which lobe of the brain is essential to executive functions?

16. Neurons receive messages at their?

17. The part (not lobe) of the brain essential to memory is the?

18. What is commonly known as the “white of the eyes.”?

19. Neurons transmit information in the form of a nerve impulse along their?

20. The photoreceptors that work better under conditions of low light are?

21. Which humor fills the posterior chamber?

22. The fancy scientific term that includes all bones of the middle ear is the term?

*Please don't answer with photos, DO NOT UPLOAD PHOTO, it's hard to read.

I post this question twice, please don't answer this post if you already answer the other one, if you can answer different answer that's fine. REASON WHY I POST IT TWICE, I NEED TWO DIFFERENT VIEW.

Discussion

Hi All - this week you will learn about DNA - the molecule of life! You may think that protein-coding genes are the most important, but results from the Human Genome Project revealed that only about 2% of our DNA codes for protein - so what about the rest of the "junk DNA" (or non-protein coding portion of the genome) - is it functionally important? Yes! Scientists are learning how "the non-protein-coding portion of the genome is of crucial functional importance: for normal development and physiology and for disease". I would like you to please choose a topic with regards to the non-protein coding portion of the genome (this will introduce you to gene regulation which we will cover in chapter 11) or you may also choose to write about a topic that describes a mutation in any protein that is involved in DNA replication, transcription, or translation (we did not talk about all of the enzymes involved in those processes). Please list your reputable source - this is worth 0.5 pt (even if you use one of my sources below) and tell me WHY you chose your topic (this is worth 1 pt.) please try to briefly explain your topic to the best of your knowledge - I don't expect you to write a lot of detail about your topic - it might be hard to understand (which you are welcome to comment on in your paragraph)!

Examples to choose from (but not limited to) include: noncoding RNAs (snRNAs, miRNAs, siRNAs, snoRNAs, piRNAs, lincRNAs) and RNA therapeutics:

LIST:

1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4119351/ (Development of microRNA therapeutics is coming of age)

2. http://www.umassmed.edu/rti/ (RNA Therapeutics Institute)

3. http://www.genengnews.com/insight-and-intelligence/rna-based-therapeutics-and-vaccines/77900520/

4. http://genesdev.cshlp.org/content/26/21/2361.full (Biology of PIWI-Interacting RNAs: new insights into biogenesis and function inside and outside of germlines)

5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4265212/ (PIWI proteins and their interactors in piRNA biogenesis, germline development and gene expression)

6. http://www.news-medical.net/news/20121203/microRNAs-play-an-important-role-during-embryonic-development.aspx

7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4578617/ (the role of microRNAs in cell fate determination)

8. http://news.berkeley.edu/2017/01/13/scientists-reprogram-embryonic-stem-cells-to-expand-their-potential/

9. http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/40871/title/The-Second-Coming-of-RNAi/

10. http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/cardiac-development-needs-more-than-protein-coding-genes-0124.html (long non-coding RNA molecules)

11. http://www.alzforum.org/news/research-news/new-role-micrornas-torpedoes-sink-neurons(microRNAs)

12. http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/rothmund-thomson-syndrome (mutation in human helicase gene)

13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3633371/ (mutation in mitochondrial helicase gene called TWINKLE)

14. http://sfari.org/news-and-opinion/news/2013/in-autism-related-disorders-rna-turns-out-to-be-key (RNA topoisomerase)

15. http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/TERC (dyskeratosis congenita - mutations in the TERC gene - the RNA component of telomerase)

16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3853347/ (Top3beta is an RNA topoisomerase that works with Fragile X syndrome protein to promote synapse formation)

The following 3 articles discuss long non-coding RNAs - there are many examples in each article so you only need to talk about one example - not the whole article:

1. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468054016300063 (mechanism of action and functional utility)

2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5084630/ (dysregulated expression in ovarian cancer)

3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4736767/ (stem cells)

1. What are the differencesbetween conscious and unconscious emotions?

2. Describe how the vole system or experiments in rhesus monkeys(Harry

3. Is aging a disease or natural developmental process? Justifyanswer.

4. What are some brain regions that may be implicated inaltruism or psychopathy? Describe how damage in each neuron mightalter behavior.

5. Who were Alex, Washoe, and Koko? Why did researchers believethat Alex, Washoe and Koko actually understood language?

6. Describe the function and brain location (think laterality)of Broca's and Wernickes area. What happens when each one of theseis damaged?

7. Describe evidence that estrogen is involved in neuraldevelopment and function.

8. What is the evidence that fruitless is a behavioral switchgene? Does fruitless function acutely or during development?

9. What is sexual dimorphism? Give an example within thebrain.

10. What are place cells, where are they located, and why arethey important? Note: This is what the 2014 Nobel Prize in medicinewas awarded for.

11. Describe brain areas involved in the planned execution ofmovement (think premotor cortex, motor cortex, modulatory centers,motor neurons etc).

12. What are mirror neurons, and what is their function? Whatexperimental evidence supports their existence.

13. How do pain and touch receptors differ in sensitivity?

14. What are the differences in function between the two types ofpain fibers?

15. How is ALS modeled in mice?

16. Describe how gene therapy works (very basically) and howthis may be used to cure ALS.

17. Describe the disorder and cause of disease that afflictedMatt and Christina Mights child? How did they identify thedisease?

18. How do glia aid neurons during nervous system development(think Slit/midline glia and radial glia).

19. What is Pax6 and why is it considered a master regulatorygene for eye development?