SOC211H5 Study Guide - Final Guide: Ritualism In The Church Of England, Argot, Anomie
SOC211 Finals Review
William Chambliss
oThe Saints were 8 upper-middle-class boys, constantly occupied with truancy,
drinking, wild driving, petty theft and vandalism. Yet not one was officially
arrested for any misdeed during the two years he observed them
oThe Roughnecks were 6 lower-class white boys who were constantly in trouble
with police and community even though their rate of delinquency was about equal
with that of the Saints
•The Saints
oThe Saints on Monday-Friday
They would organize a scheme to get out of school and go cause trouble
off school grounds
They went to a lower-class part of the city so that there was no possibility
of them seeing someone they knew
They would bend spoons, put salt in sugar containers and spill glasses on
purpose
oThe Saints on Weekends
The Saints on the weekends were worst
They would cause crashes by putting barricades in curved roads and
remove barricades from holes to protect motorists
oThe Saints in School
The Saints were highly successful in school
Many of the Saints held offices at the school, 1 was even the V.P of the
student body one year
Occasionally, of course, the system would backfire. A boy who was caught
would be most contrite, would plead guilty and ask for mercy. He
inevitably got the mercy he sought.
Cheating on examinations was rampant, even to the point of orally
communicating answers on exams as well as looking at one another's
papers. Since none of the group studied, and since they were primarily
dependent on one another for help, it is surprising that grades were so high
oThe Police and The Saints
The police saw the Saints as good boys who were among the leaders of the
youth in the community
•The Roughnecks
Roughnecks stole gasoline from cars as often as they had access to an
automobile, which was not very often. Unlike the Saints, who owned their
own cars, the Roughnecks would have to borrow their parents' cars, an
event which occurred only eight or nine times a year
oThe Roughnecks In School
The Roughnecks' behavior in school was not particularly disruptive.
During school hours they did not all hang around together, but tended
instead to spend most of their time with one or two other members of the
gang
Although every member of the gang attempted to avoid school as much as
possible, they were not particularly successful and most of them attended
school with surprising regularity
Teachers saw the boys the way the general community did, as heading for
trouble, as being uninterested in making something of themselves
oTwo Questions
Why did the community, the school and the police react to the Saints as
though they were good, upstanding, non-delinquent youths with bright
futures but to the Roughnecks as though they were tough, young criminals
who were headed for trouble?
•Because of their social class?
Why did the Roughnecks and the Saints in fact have quite different careers
after high school careers which, by and large, lived up to the expectations
of the community?
Justin Patchin
oResearch has suggested that children reared in disadvantaged neighborhoods are
at an elevated risk to engage in deviant behaviors
oThe goal of this research is to examine why some children, raised in
neighborhoods with similar structural and economic disadvantages, engage in
delinquent behaviors, whereas others abstain from crime.
oThe main research question, then, is as follows: Are youth who live in
disorganized neighborhoods, or who perceive their immediate environment to be
violent, more likely to carry a weapon or engage in assaultive behavior
•Neighbourhood Influences
oTwo measures of neighborhood influence are included in the models.
The first variable, exposure to community violence, measured at the
individual level, was designed to reflect personal experience with
neighborhood violence
•In addition, research has also suggested that factors such as
parenting, peer relationships, and school relationships may
influence the relationship between community context and
delinquent outcomes
•Finally, features of school environments (e.g., school climate) are
important considerations and can reduce the negative effects of
neighborhood environments
•Findings
oExposure to violence had a moderately strong and significant effect on each of the
delinquency correlates, net of individual controls
oGender was the only significant predictor in the school attachment model, with
males more likely to report reduced school attachment. Age, gender, and previous
arrest were all significantly and positively related to peer involvement in
delinquency
Gentile Douglas
oAlthough there have been hundreds of studies of media violence and aggression,
there are still serious gaps in our understanding of
(1) The mediating mechanisms by which media violence may influence later
behavior,
(2) Whether both physical and relational aggression may be affected by
aggression in the media, and
(3) Whether developmental changes in children’s aggressive behaviors are
demonstrable in a short-term longitudinal context. Most studies of media
violence either observe immediate short-term effects or very long-term
effects of watching/playing violent media
•Media Violence Effects
oHundreds of correlational and experimental studies and a small number of
longitudinal studies of media violence have established a relation between
consumption of violent media and aggressive behaviors
oAlthough many of these studies have focused on adults, several longitudinal
studies of exposure to violent television have shown a strong relationship between
early TV violence exposure and later aggression
•Potential Mediators: Social Information Processing Theory
oIn particular, physically aggressive individuals tend to exhibit a hostile attribution
bias, in which they tend to infer hostile intent from the actions of others, even
when intent is ambiguous and might be benign
Ex. When bumped in the hallway, aggressive children are more likely to
assume that it was due to hostile intent rather than being an accident
oThe goal of this study is two-fold:
(1) To examine the link between consumption of media violence and
increased use of physical, verbal, and relational aggression
