BIOL373L Study Guide - Final Guide: Otitis Media, Patellar Reflex, Largest Body Part

323 views7 pages

maroonmallard919

5 May 2018

School

University of Waterloo

Department

Biology

Course

BIOL373L

Professor

Bruce Wolff

For unlimited access to Study Guides, a Grade+ subscription is required.

BIOL 373: Laboratory Study Questions

Lab #1: Neural and Sensory Function

I. List the events, in sequence, that occur between the striking of the patellar tendon and the extension of the leg.

Monosynaptic stretch reflex

-Strike of the patellar tendon  tap to the tendon stretches the muscles

-muscle spindle stretches and fires action potentials that travel through the dorsal root via sensory neuron

and synapses with the spinal cord

-efferent pathways (1) somatic motor neuron effects the quadriceps muscles which will contract and swing

leg forward. (2) interneuron inhibiting somatic motor neuron effects the hamstrings and allows extension of

the leg

-extension of the leg

II. If a normal stimulus does NOT bring about the expected response in a stretch reflex, damage to a specific motor

nerve or region of the spinal cord may be suspected. On the other hand, an abnormal Babinski response may

indicate damage to the spinal cord at any level. Why?

-this is because sensory/motor neurons synapse with specific regions of the spinal cord depending on what

part of the body the stretch reflex occurs (ex. The patellar reflex synapses with the spinal cord at L4)

-However, an abnormal Babinski response may indicate damage to the spinal cord at any level because

the sensory/motor neurons synapses along multiple regions of the spinal cord, not just at a specific region

like in a stretch reflex

III. Sensory signals from all regions of the body are send to the somatosensory cortex, where they are perceived. Which

parts of the body have the largest areas of the cortex? Which have the smallest?

Largest  body parts where sensory receptors are most dense: Palms of hands, fingers, lips, tongue,

feet, toes, genitals

Smallest  body parts where sensory receptors are least dense: stomach, back, chest, top and back of

head, legs, arms

IV. How does the ear transduce sound waves into electrical nerve impulses?

When sound waves reach the ear, the ear transduces the mechanical signal (pressure wave) into a nerve

impulse (electrical signal) that the brain perceives as sound.

1. Sound waves strike the tympanic membrane and become vibrations

2. Sound energy is transferred to the 3 bones of the middle ear, which vibrate

3. Stapes is attached to the membrane of the oval window  vibrations cause fluid waves in cochlea

4. Fluid waves push on cochlear duct membranes, hair cells bend, ion channels open and

neurotransmitters are released.

5. Action potential travels through the cochlear nerve to the brain

V. If the subject has a severe middle ear infection (both ears), how will this affect the results of the Rinne’s test?

Given that a middle ear infection would cause a swelling that would block sound from moving to the

inner ear via conduction. The Rinne’s test would therefore be negative because of temporary conductive

hearing loss, causing bone conduction to work better than air conduction

VI. What senses are affected by lateral inhibition? Briefly explain how the process functions.

find more resources at oneclass.com

Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-2 of the document.
Unlock all 7 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in

Vision – visual acuity (enhances contours) – ganglion cells

Touch – sharpens sensations for localization – neurons

Increases the contrast between receptive fields (around cells) and their inactive neighbours, helps to

localize stimuli. Primary neuron response is proportional to stimulus strength. Pathway closest to stimulus

inhibits neighbouring neurons. Inhibition of lateral neurons enhances perception of stimulus

Lab #2: Sight and Oculomotor Control

1. Describe the motion of the subject’s eyes during vestibular ocular reflex (VOR). Is it smooth or saccadic?

find more resources at oneclass.com

Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-2 of the document.
Unlock all 7 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in

Document Summary

List the events, in sequence, that occur between the striking of the patellar tendon and the extension of the leg. Strike of the patellar tendon tap to the tendon stretches the muscles. Muscle spindle stretches and fires action potentials that travel through the dorsal root via sensory neuron and synapses with the spinal cord. Efferent pathways (1) somatic motor neuron effects the quadriceps muscles which will contract and swing leg forward. (2) interneuron inhibiting somatic motor neuron effects the hamstrings and allows extension of the leg. If a normal stimulus does not bring about the expected response in a stretch reflex, damage to a specific motor nerve or region of the spinal cord may be suspected. On the other hand, an abnormal babinski response may indicate damage to the spinal cord at any level. This is because sensory/motor neurons synapse with specific regions of the spinal cord depending on what part of the body the stretch reflex occurs (ex.

Related Questions

Reflex Lab Procedures for Reflex Lab In this lab we will test muscle stretch reflexes and cutaneous reflexes. A partner is needed to be the subject for this lab. Purpose: To test and observe normal muscle stretch and cutaneous reflexes. Equipment: Reflex hammer, Background: In the most narrow sense, a reflex is an involuntary, unpremeditated response by the body to an external stimulus. Reflexes allow reaction to a stimulus more quickly than would be possible if conscious thought were involved. A reflex can be described as a stimulus-response cycle. Most reflexes involve the brainstem or the spinal cord and do not require interaction from higher brain centers. The muscle stretch reflexes are the simplest reflexes. They involve the sensory neuron synapsing directly upon the motor neuron. They are sometimes called monosynaptic reflexes. They are also called spinal reflexes because the reflexive action does not require input from the brain. The other reflexes we will be testing in this lab are the cutaneous reflexes. They are also called superficial reflexes because the receptors are in the superficial areas of the body. They are more complex and require the message to go up the spinal cord to the brain and then back down to elicit the response. These can be used to test for CNS injury. There are five components to a reflex; these components together are called the reflex arc. The components are as follows: sensory receptor â receives the stimulus and generates an impulse (is usually a nerve ending) afferent pathway â a neuron that carries the impulse from the receptor to a central integrating center integrating center âthis is where the afferent component connects to the efferent component- this is in the CNS. One or more synapses must occur here. Interneurons are not involved in stretch reflexes but are always found in all other types of reflexes. efferent pathway - a neuron that carries the impulse from the integrating center to an effector. effector -receives the impulse and responds. The effector may by skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, or glands.

Part I. Stretch reflexes.

First do muscle stretch reflexes which are also called deep tendon reflexes.

It is important the subject relax the muscle being tested. Tell the subject to let the muscle go limp.

Rate each response according to the following scale:

+4 very brisk, hyperactive, large movement at joint.

+3 brisker than average, medium movement at joint

+2 average, small movement at joint

+1 somewhat diminished, very small or no movement at joint

0 no response

A. Patellar (also called the knee jerk reflex) â activation of femoral nerve. The receptor is located in the quadriceps muscle, the effector is the quadriceps muscle. The nerve ending is responding to the stretch of the muscle caused by striking the tendon.

1. A subject is allowed to sit comfortably on a table with knees dangling over the edge.

2. Using a reflex hammer (or substitute as described above) strike the patellar tendon just below the kneecap.

3. Observe the action caused by the reflex.

4. Record your results using the graded scale above.

B. Biceps Reflex â activation of the musculocutaneous nerve

1. Rest subjectâs left forearm along your left forearm.

2. Subjectâs hand should rest in or near the bend of your elbow.

3. Press your left thumb on the subjectâs biceps tendon, apply a little pressure.

4. Strike your thumb with the reflex hammer, this will transfer the pressure to the biceps tendon.

5. Watch carefully for twitching of the biceps muscle. Usually, the forearm will not move.

6. Record your results using the graded scale above.

C. Triceps reflex â activation of the radial nerve.

This is a difficult reflex to observe, but give it a try.

1. The subject should have the arm relaxed and elbow bent.

2. Support the entire weight of the arm with your left hand.

3. Strike the triceps tendons, just above the elbow.

4. Watch carefully for twitching of the biceps muscle.

5. Record your results using the graded scale above.

Both B and C show up best on someone who doesnât have a lot of subcutaneous fat and who has good muscle definition.

D. Achilles reflex (also called ankle-jerk reflex) â activation of the poplitealnerve. The principle is similar to the knee-jerk reflex. Here the stretch receptors are located in the gastrocnemius muscle.

1. Have the subject take her/his shoes and socks off, exposing the Achilles tendon on the back of the ankle.

2. Strike the Achilles with the reflex hammer (or substitute) and observe the extension of the foot downward.

3. Record the results using the graded scale above.

Part II. Cutaneous reflexes

A. Plantar reflex

This reflex differs from the four muscle stretch reflexes. In this reflex, receptors are stimulated in the sole of the foot (cutaneous receptors). The reflex pathway travels up the leg to the integrating center. While in the integrating center, the reflex travels up the spinal cord through the pyramidal tracts, which are nerve pathways between the spinal cord and brain.

1. The subject needs to lie on his or her back, with shoes and socks off.

2. Using the end of the handle of the reflex hammer, trace a path along the lateral side from heel to the little toe to the big toe.

3. Observe for the flexion (toe curling) which is recorded as a normal plantar reflex.

4. If the toes curl, this is called a Negative Babinski response and is normal. If the toes flare, then an abnormal response is recorded and is called a Positive Babinski response and indicates CNS damage.

5. Record the results.

B. Ciliospinal reflex â This reflexive pathway is from the skin to the thoracic spinal cord, through the sympathetic trunk, then to the dilator pupillae muscle of the eye. This is another test of the CNS.

1. Pinch the back of the subjectâs neck,

2. Watch pupils for a response.

3. A normal response is dilation of the pupil.

4. Record your results.

Part I. Stretch reflexes. First do muscle stretch reflexes which are also called deep tendon reflexes. It is important the subject relax the muscle being tested. Tell the subject to let the muscle go limp. Rate each response according to the following scale: +4 very brisk, hyperactive, large movement at joint. +3 brisker than average, medium movement at joint +2 average, small movement at joint +1 somewhat diminished, very small or no movement at joint 0 no response A. Patellar (also called the knee jerk reflex) â activation of femoral nerve. The receptor is located in the quadriceps muscle, the effector is the quadriceps muscle. The nerve ending is responding to the stretch of the muscle caused by striking the tendon. 1. A subject is allowed to sit comfortably on a table with knees dangling over the edge. 2. Using a reflex hammer (or substitute as described above) strike the patellar tendon just below the kneecap. 3. Observe the action caused by the reflex. 4. Record your results using the graded scale above. B. Biceps Reflex â activation of the musculocutaneous nerve 1. Rest subjectâs left forearm along your left forearm. 2. Subjectâs hand should rest in or near the bend of your elbow. 3. Press your left thumb on the subjectâs biceps tendon, apply a little pressure. 4. Strike your thumb with the reflex hammer, this will transfer the pressure to the biceps tendon. 5. Watch carefully for twitching of the biceps muscle. Usually, the forearm will not move. 6. Record your results using the graded scale above. C. Triceps reflex â activation of the radial nerve. This is a difficult reflex to observe, but give it a try. 1. The subject should have the arm relaxed and elbow bent. 2. Support the entire weight of the arm with your left hand. 3. Strike the triceps tendons, just above the elbow. 4. Watch carefully for twitching of the biceps muscle. 5. Record your results using the graded scale above. Both B and C show up best on someone who doesnât have a lot of subcutaneous fat and who has good muscle definition. D. Achilles reflex (also called ankle-jerk reflex) â activation of the poplitealnerve. The principle is similar to the knee-jerk reflex. Here the stretch receptors are located in the gastrocnemius muscle. 1. Have the subject take her/his shoes and socks off, exposing the Achilles tendon on the back of the ankle. 2. Strike the Achilles with the reflex hammer (or substitute) and observe the extension of the foot downward. 3. Record the results using the graded scale above. Part II. Cutaneous reflexes A. Plantar reflex This reflex differs from the four muscle stretch reflexes. In this reflex, receptors are stimulated in the sole of the foot (cutaneous receptors). The reflex pathway travels up the leg to the integrating center. While in the integrating center, the reflex travels up the spinal cord through the pyramidal tracts, which are nerve pathways between the spinal cord and brain. 1. The subject needs to lie on his or her back, with shoes and socks off. 2. Using the end of the handle of the reflex hammer, trace a path along the lateral side from heel to the little toe to the big toe. 3. Observe for the flexion (toe curling) which is recorded as a normal plantar reflex. 4. If the toes curl, this is called a Negative Babinski response and is normal. If the toes flare, then an abnormal response is recorded and is called a Positive Babinski response and indicates CNS damage. 5. Record the results. B. Ciliospinal reflex â This reflexive pathway is from the skin to the thoracic spinal cord, through the sympathetic trunk, then to the dilator pupillae muscle of the eye. This is another test of the CNS. 1. Pinch the back of the subjectâs neck, 2. Watch pupils for a response. 3. A normal response is dilation of the pupil. 4. Record your results.

Answer question part a-d

Question part A

Diffusion Lab

Purpose: To investigate the diffusion of a substance across a semipermeable membrane.

Materials:

iodine (must be colored, clear won't work)

cornstarch/water solution

plastic sandwich bags (cheap is good)

beakers or clear plastic cups

Set-Up and Procedure
1. Fill beaker about halfway and put about ten drops of iodine.
2. Put about a teaspoon of starch and about 3 ounces of water in baggie and tie.
3. Make sure that it is water tight
4. Put the baggie in the beaker or glass and wait.
5. In about 15 minutes the solution in the baggie will turn blue/black. (purple)
This is a result of the iodine diffusing through the bag.
You should know that iodine is an indicator for starch. It turns blue/black in color.
Test it by dropping some iodine on a piece of white paper.

Questions and Conclusions :

Define permeability

To which substance is the plastic bag is permeable ?

Why did the iodine enter the bag ?

Why didn't the starch enter the beaker?

How is the plastic bag like the cell membrane?

Question part b

Reflex Lab

Procedures for Reflex Lab

In this lab we will test muscle stretch reflexes and cutaneous reflexes.

A partner is needed to be the subject for this lab.

Purpose: To test and observe normal muscle stretch and cutaneous reflexes.

Equipment: Reflex hammer,

Background: In the most narrow sense, a reflex is an involuntary, unpremeditated response by the body to an external stimulus. Reflexes allow reaction to a stimulus more quickly than would be possible if conscious thought were involved. A reflex can be described as a stimulus-response cycle. Most reflexes involve the brainstem or the spinal cord and do not require interaction from higher brain centers. The muscle stretch reflexes are the simplest reflexes. They involve the sensory neuron synapsing directly upon the motor neuron. They are sometimes called monosynaptic reflexes. They are also called spinal reflexes because the reflexive action does not require input from the brain. The other reflexes we will be testing in this lab are the cutaneous reflexes. They are also called superficial reflexes because the receptors are in the superficial areas of the body. They are more complex and require the message to go up the spinal cord to the brain and then back down to elicit the response. These can be used to test for CNS injury.

There are five components to a reflex; these components together are called the reflex arc. The components are as follows:

sensory receptor â receives the stimulus and generates an impulse (is usually a nerve ending)

afferent pathway â a neuron that carries the impulse from the receptor to a central integrating center

integrating center âthis is where the afferent component connects to the efferent component- this is in the CNS. One or more synapses must occur here. Interneurons are not involved in stretch reflexes but are always found in all other types of reflexes.

efferent pathway - a neuron that carries the impulse from the integrating center to an effector.

effector -receives the impulse and responds. The effector may by skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, or glands.

For more information please read chapter 12 : "Muscle" ( Pages 380-390) in Human Physiology book ( 12th edition by Stuart Ira Fox)

Part I. Stretch reflexes.

First do muscle stretch reflexes which are also called deep tendon reflexes.

It is important the subject relax the muscle being tested. Tell the subject to let the muscle go limp.

Rate each response according to the following scale:

+4 very brisk, hyperactive, large movement at joint.

+3 brisker than average, medium movement at joint

+2 average, small movement at joint

+1 somewhat diminished, very small or no movement at joint

0 no response

1. A subject is allowed to sit comfortably on a table with knees dangling over the edge.

2. Using a reflex hammer (or substitute as described above) strike the patellar tendon just below the kneecap.

3. Observe the action caused by the reflex.

4. Record your results using the graded scale above.

B. Biceps Reflex â activation of the musculocutaneous nerve

1. Rest subjectâs left forearm along your left forearm.

2. Subjectâs hand should rest in or near the bend of your elbow.

3. Press your left thumb on the subjectâs biceps tendon, apply a little pressure.

4. Strike your thumb with the reflex hammer, this will transfer the pressure to the biceps tendon.

5. Watch carefully for twitching of the biceps muscle. Usually, the forearm will not move.

6. Record your results using the graded scale above.

C. Triceps reflex â activation of the radial nerve.

This is a difficult reflex to observe, but give it a try.

1. The subject should have the arm relaxed and elbow bent.

2. Support the entire weight of the arm with your left hand.

3. Strike the triceps tendons, just above the elbow.

4. Watch carefully for twitching of the biceps muscle.

5. Record your results using the graded scale above.

Both B and C show up best on someone who doesnât have a lot of subcutaneous fat and who has good muscle definition.

1. Have the subject take her/his shoes and socks off, exposing the Achilles tendon on the back of the ankle.

2. Strike the Achilles with the reflex hammer (or substitute) and observe the extension of the foot downward.

3. Record the results using the graded scale above.

Part II. Cutaneous reflexes

A. Plantar reflex

1. The subject needs to lie on his or her back, with shoes and socks off.

2. Using the end of the handle of the reflex hammer, trace a path along the lateral side from heel to the little toe to the big toe.

3. Observe for the flexion (toe curling) which is recorded as a normal plantar reflex.

5. Record the results.

1. Pinch the back of the subjectâs neck,

2. Watch pupils for a response.

3. A normal response is dilation of the pupil.

4. Record your results.

question part c

Homeostasis Lab - Heart Beat Regulation

This lab is designed to help explore the process of homeostasis as it applies to regulating heart rate. It also should help how a sampling process works.

Make two copies of the data sheet (or make your own) and paste them into your report.

1. Take a pulse for six seconds, record this number in the table below.

2. Every 15 seconds for the next three minutes, take a pulse again for six seconds, record each of these values.

3. Multiply each of these values by 10 to get the beats per minute.

4. Now average these numbers (this is the setpoint for the pulse at resting). Note the range of values (that is how far they can deviate from the set point).

5. The next step is to take a 30 second reading. Multiply this number by 2 to get beats per minute.

6. How does this compare to the setpoint?

7. Repeat steps 1 through 6 after running in place for 30 seconds. Record the same data.

8. After getting 8 readings, stop and plot these numbers on a piece of graph paper. The X-axis should be minutes and the Y-axis should be heart rate.(Don't forget to connect the points ). You can do this in Excel and then import it into Word. Or you can e-mail this to me.

Submit your lab report in the correct format.. Respond to the questions above. Explain WHY the results were what they were. Compare the resting and post-exercise and postulate explanations for the differences. You should have two data tables and one graph with your heart rate data from both tables on it in your report.

Time in seconds	Heart rate (bpm)
0 (initial recording)
15
30
45
60
75
90
105

question part d

What was one thing you found interesting, confusing or surprising about any of the lab activities? Why?

BIOL373L Study Guide - Final Guide: Otitis Media, Patellar Reflex, Largest Body Part

Document Summary

Get access

Related Documents

BIOL373L Study Guide - Patellar Reflex, Stretch Reflex, Quadriceps Femoris Muscle

BIOL373L Lecture 1: Lab 1 - Neural and Sensory Function.docx

BIOL373L Study Guide - Quiz Guide: Cochlea, Receptive Field, Hair Cell

Related Questions