BIOL355 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Contact Inhibition, Twin Study, Time Point

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pinkbadger442

27 Jul 2018

School

University of Waterloo

Department

Biology

Course

BIOL355

Professor

Heidi Engelhardt

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Document Summary

Define and differentiate between chronological and biological aging. Chronological age is defined at the passage of time since birth for that individual. Biological aging is concerned with longevity and dependent on the functional capacity of the cells, tissues, and organs of an individual as they change over time. Functional capacity is the maximum ability of a cell to function optimally. Without homeostasis, an individual is unable to withstand stressors and is more prone to age-related diseases. Chronological age is not a good indicator of aging because it is arbitrary and relative. For example, an 80 year old woman may have the lungs of a 30 year old because her lungs are able to function at a level comparable to a young man. Chronological ages are useful for populations but not for describing aging of individuals. To describe aging of individuals, you want to know how they age biologically. Define and differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic factors.

Related Questions

QUESTION 26

Age 65 has come to be considered the onset of old age in the U.S. because:

	a.	This is when most older adults find their abilities diminishing
	b.	At age 65, physical appearance makes it evident that a person is old
	c.	This is the age identified in Social Security and Medicare at the time these were enacted
	d.	This is the age at which life expectancy diminishes most rapidly

1 points

QUESTION 27

The concept of "dependency ratios" has been criticized because:

		Individual differences in needs as well as differences in aging and activity choices make it difficult to ascertain which generation depends on which other generations.
		Very few older adults ever rely on younger individuals for support and assistance
		The most dependent generation may well be young adults
		It is common knowledge that older adults are dependent on younger individuals

1 points

QUESTION 28

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the purpose of theory in understanding aging?

	a.	Theories attempt to explai what we observe in empirical research or practice
	b.	A goal is to consolidate practice around a simple set of principles
	c.	Theories resolve disputes about the nature of reality and definitions of aging
	d.	The most important purpose is to reduce apparently complex phenomena to a few basic factors

1 points

QUESTION 29

Explanations that focus on the situations and problems that accumulate during the life span and cannot be understood separate from developmental experiences are considered to reflect:

	a.	The aged
	b.	Aging
	c.	Age
	d.	The meaning of life

1 points

QUESTION 30

Early theories of aging, described later life as a:

	a.	Problem
	b.	normal, welcomed stage of life
	c.	rare and unique process
	d.	Too idiosyncratic for generalized description

1 points

QUESTION 31

Theories that explain aging as resulting from the accumulation of "insults" from the environment, which eventually reach a level incompatible with life are labeled:

	a.	Sociocultural theories
	b.	Selective optimization with compensation
	c.	Model of Human Occupation
	d.	Stochastic theories

1 points

QUESTION 32

Psychological theories of aging seek to explain

	a.	Reasons for the emergence of mental disorders in late life
	b.	Why older individuals are likely to be pessimistic
	c.	Relationships among older and younger individuals
	d.	The multiple changes in individual behavior in late life

1 points

QUESTION 33

It is now believed that neurological theories of aging that focus on decline in neurological functioning may be:

	a.	Too optimistic
	b.	Lacking in clarity
	c.	Too pessimistic
	d.	Too limited

1 points

QUESTION 34

In the theory of Selective Optimization with Compensation, "optimization" refers to the idea that:

	a.	People engage in behaviors that augment or enrich their general reserves and maximize their chosen life courses
	b.	People make efforts in middle age to accumulate needed resources to ensure successful aging
	c.	Changing biological and psychological factors that enhance the abilities of older adults in memory and problem solving
	d.	Political initiatives that reduce stigma associated with later life

1 points

QUESTION 35

Mrs. Adams, an 87 year-old widow, has begun to distance herself from some of her extended family members. At the same time, she spends increasing time with her adult children, grandchildren, and some of her close neighbors. This would be an example of:

	a.	The Model of Human Occupation
	b.	Evolutionary Theory
	c.	Cognition and Aging theories
	d.	Socioemotional Selectivity Theory

1 points

QUESTION 36

A theory of particular relevance to occupational and physical therapy is:

	a.	Theory of Free Radicals
	b.	Systems theory of motor control
	c.	Stochastic theories
	d.

1 points

QUESTION 37

Theory is important to therapeutic decisions as a way to:

	a.	Reduce the therapist's need to address individual differences
	b.	Guide decisions about evaluation and intervention
	c.	Minimize the idea of complexity in understanding older adults
	d.	Clearly identify the specific evaluation instruments to be used

41. Which of the followingis most likely to lead to auto accidents for aging drivers?

	decrease in hearing
	encountering new situations
	decrease in vision
	encountering repetitive situations

42. Which of the followingstatements regarding malnutrition is true?

	may enhance the flavors of food
	is associated with obesity
	increases our adaptive responses
	the affects are rarely noticeable in the United States

43. Which vitamin helpsform blood-clotting material?

	A
	C
	E
	K

44. Age related changes ofthe teeth may result in all of the following except which one?

	constipation
	infection
	unpleasant tastes
	increase chewing

45. A deficiency in whichwater soluble vitamin will cause 'inflammation of the mouth andskin, and poor vision'?

	A
	D
	Riboflavin
	Thiamine

46. Which of the followingis not a function of the urinary system?

	Regulating blood pressure
	Maintaining acid/base balance
	Regulate Oxygen levels
	Deactivating Vitamin D

47. Stress incontinence ismuch more common in women than in men because women have which ofthe following?

	shorter urethras
	postmenopausal thinning
	weakened structures
	all of the above

48. Which is a normal agerelated change of the female reproductive system?

	fibrotic closure of the oviducts
	increase in follicle stimulating production from the ovaries
	heavier and longer menses in the year prior to menopause
	thickening and an increase in elasticity of the vagina
	shrinkage of glandular material in the breasts

49. A decline is sexualactivity with age is primarily associated with what?

	declining health of an individual
	decrease in testosterone levels
	increase in estrogen levels
	types/novelty of sexual activity

50. Which of the followingregarding benign prostatic hypertrophy is true?

	it is caused by urinary retention
	it may lead to urinary stone formation
	it is detected by checking levels of prostatic specificantigen
	it must be treated by surgical resection

Consider the following abstracts about intervention to improve memory, one real, and one fictitious:

Memory enhancement in healthy older adults using a brain plasticity-based training program: A randomized, controlled study
Mahncke HW et al. PNAS August 15, 2006 vol. 103 no. 33 12523-12528
Normal aging is associated with progressive functional losses in perception, cognition, and memory. Although the root causes of age-related cognitive decline are incompletely understood, psychophysical and neuropsychological evidence suggests that a significant contribution stems from poorer signal-to-noise conditions and down-regulated neuromodulatory system function in older brains. Because the brain retains a lifelong capacity for plasticity and adaptive reorganization, dimensions of negative reorganization should be at least partially reversible through the use of an appropriately designed training program. We report here results from such a training program targeting age-related cognitive decline. Data from a randomized, controlled trial using standardized measures of neuropsychological function as outcomes are presented. Significant improvements in assessments directly related to the training tasks and significant generalization of improvements to nonrelated standardized neuropsychological measures of memory (effect size of 0.25) were documented in the group using the training program. Memory enhancement appeared to be sustained after a 3- month no-contact follow-up period. Matched active control and no-contact control groups showed no significant change in memory function after training or at the 3-month follow-up. This study demonstrates that intensive, plasticity-engaging training can result in an enhancement of cognitive function in normal mature adults.

Memory enhancement in healthy older adults using genetic modification also protects against Alzheimerâs Disease.1
I M Genius, Prestigious Journal 1 (1): 1-10
Inserting extra copies of the gene NR2B, which encodes the NMDA receptor, leads to improved memory and also prevents onset of Alzheimerâs Disease. Two chemical signals are needed to trigger this nerve cell receptor, which means that it plays a key role in forming associations. For instance, if you touch a flame, the visual signal and pain signal arrive to the brain at roughly the same time, activating NMDA receptors and creating a memory. Healthy adults were given extra copies of the gene and these were rigged so that genesâ activity would increase over time as the adults aged. Earlier studies had revealed that in young animals, NMDA receptors are activated even by signals that arrive somewhat far apart, facilitating learning. As an animal ages, though, the signals must travel more in step to trip NMDA receptors and cement memories. Adults treated with the NR2B gene had significant improvements in assessments directly related to the training tasks and significant generalization of improvements to nonrelated standardized neuropsychological measures of memory (effect size of 0.25). In addition, adults treated with the genes showed lower levels of onset of Alzheimerâs Disease compared with matched controls.

For discussion

Are these interventions therapy or enhancement? (Is age-related loss of memory a disease?)

Are there morally significant differences between the methods (cognitive training versus genetic

modification)?

What are the potential harms and benefits from using these interventions?

What are your views on the moral permissibility of the interventions?

How would your responses change if the interventions were for increasing muscle mass and performance in elite athletes?

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BIOL355 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Contact Inhibition, Twin Study, Time Point

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