BIOL240 Final: 2016 Full Notes
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8 Dec 2016
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Topic 6 cultivation and control of micro-organisms. Esther lederberg replica plating method to illustrate spontaneous mutation without selective pressure (already antibiotic resistant) Richard lenski evolution of e. coli (more fit) would be infinite, not asymptotic. Lenski also added citrate which e. coli never used but after 15 years, 40,000 generations later, they started to use it. Stanley cohen first used plasmids as a vector. Barbara mcclinktock movement of dn via mobile genetic elements (transposable elements) through working with corn = transposition. Sergei winogradsky developed the winogradsky/mud column to create gammaoriteig=bacteria. Robert koch used acid-fastness to identify mycobacterium. Julian davies his theory is that actinomyces are forming antibiotics as a signal molecule and not just to protect the spore. Fda bans antibacterial soaps because they are a way of increasing a number of organisms that have a resistance to these soaps, and they are ineffective against viruses because viruses do not have cell walls.
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Question 11
The wings of birds have evolved to facilitate powered flight, but they are also:
Derived from structures that had other functions, such as thermoregulation and sexual display. |
Able to evolve into any other type of structure, given the flexibility of developmental genes. |
Unable to revert back to serving other functions (if they ever had them). |
Certainly only a transition on the way to something else in the future. |
Question 12
Which of the following is TRUE:
For most of life's history, organisms have been multicellular, though hominids only occupy a tiny portion of this history. |
For most of life's history, organisms have been a mixture of uni- and multicellular, through hominids have occupied only a fairly small portion of this history. |
For most of life's history, organisms have been unicellular, and hominids occupy only a tiny portion of the entire span of time in which life has existed on Earth. |
For most of life's history, organisms have reverted back and forth between uni- and multicellular, with a sort of "zig-zag" pattern in which one form of life dominated at any particular time. |
Question 13
There are some phenotypic differences among human populations that reflect adaptation to different environments. This indicates that:
Some populations are innately superior to others, because they have what it takes to prevail in those environments. |
Selection has been active on these populations. |
There are candidates for a program of selective breeding wherein we can pinpoint universally desirable characteristics. |
Admixture among human populations is decreasing, and that continued admixture can only mean that humans must stop adapting to their environments. This is neither "good" or "bad", it's simply the way that selection works. |