PSYC 3610 Study Guide - Winter 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Memory, Working Memory, Semantic Memory
12 Oct 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
PSYC 3610
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY
OF MEMORY
Memory Is Critical
Ways of Remembering
The Science of Memory
History of Memory Research
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Effect of Retention Intervals on
Memory
Overlearning
Spacing Effect
Mary Calkins
Behaviourism
Frederic Bartlett
Endel Tulving
Cognitive Psychology
Elizabeth Loftus
Cognitive Neuroscience
Methods of Studying Memory
Experiment
Features in an Experiment
Memory Measures
Recall
Recognition
Implicit Memory Tests
Reaction Time
Source Judgements
Metamemory Judgments
Methods Drawn from the
Neuroscience Perspective
Neuropsychology
Animal Models
Cognitive Neuroscience Methods
Improving Memory Efficiency
Prospective Memory
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2
Memory Is Critical
• Remembering important information
• Who you are – name, identity, past
o Being able to recall the characteristics of our own personality and
back it up with actual memories is an important part of developing our
sense of self.
• The thought of losing or forgetting certain memories is scary and painful.
o Losing the ability to learn (more common) or losing the memory of the
personal past and hence their personality (not common)
o Some memories are “treasures” in a way more closely connected to
our sense of self than physical objects.
▪ E.g., objects that have sentimental values
• Knowledge needed for school, job, hobbies
o Though we place a tremendous demand on the memories of students,
little scientific information is provided about how memory works and
how we can improve upon our ability to encode.
• Names and faces
Ways of Remembering
• Recall
• Recognition (familiarity)
The Science of Memory
• Empirical evidence: results of scientific research; results of the scientific
process
o To be empirical evidence, data must be verifiable – another scientist
must be able to get the same results by conducting the same or a
similar experiment.
o Can and should be replicable
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Document Summary
It took less total time to master a list that had been given distributed practice than one that received massed practice. Zeitgeist a particular belief system in a particular time setting in a particular set of people: kept psychology from evolving as science earlier, e. g. , dualism, a view that the mind and body are distinct from each other. Endel tulving: taking first the perspective of cognitive psychology and later cognitive neuroscience, tulving has introduced to the field many of the theoretical ideas on which all memory researchers now rely. Cognitive psychology: an approach to psychology which emphasizes hidden mental process, memory scientists started switching from s-r models to models emanating from the new science of cognitive psychology. Methods of studying memory: to study memory objectively, we must apply the scientific method, can make generalizations about how memory works in human beings and get reasonable estimates of measurable individual differences.
