MBG 2040 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Centimorgan, Lambda Phage, Recombinant Dna

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rubygoat34

16 Dec 2016

School

University of Guelph

Department

Molecular Biology and Genetics

Course

MBG 2040

Professor

James Uniacke

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Document Summary

Alleles: one of two or more alternative forms of a gene. Genotype: set of alleles possessed by an organism that produces the phenotype. Heterozygote: an individual possessing two different alleles at the locus. Homozygote: an individual organism possessing two of the same alleles at a locus. Genetic information is transferred from dna rna protein. Monohybrid crosses with homozygote parents produce all heterozygous offspring in the first (f1. The fertilization of the f1 heterozygotes produce offspring in a 3:1 ratio in the second (f2) generation. Dihybrid crosses have a 9:3:3:1 in a f2 ratio. If the trait is rare and autosomal recessive, then individuals who marry into the pedigree are homozygous dominant unless there"s evidence to suggest otherwise. Recessive mutation often involve loss of gene function. Null/amorphic allele: a non-functional protein produced or no protein produced. Hypermorphic allele: poorly functioning protein or reduced amount of normally functioning protein produced. Dominant mutations often involved gain/ change of gene function.

Related Questions

Which of these statements is incorrect?

Syntenic genes are located on the same chromosome.

Independent assortment results in recombinant chromosomes.

You can reliably predict the relative genetic distance fromgenesâ physical distance on a chromosome.

Linked genes are always syntenic.

What is the relative genetic distance between two linked genesif the recombination frequency is 0.49?

0.49 cM

4.9 cM

49 cM

490 cM

What statement best explains the distortion in Mendelian ratiosobserved by Bateson & Punnett in 1905? (Reminder: they found anoverrepresentation of F2 offspring showing both dominant orrecessive phenotypes, and an underrepresentation of offspringdisplaying one dominant and one recessive phenotype)

Human error: they should have been more careful about theirexperimental setup.

Gene linkage: Genes for flower color and pollen shape arephysically close on the same chromosome, leading to a breakdown inthe independent assortment of the alleles for these traits.

Chromosome crossover: Homologous recombination of twochromatids during meiosis caused the alleles to shuffle, resultingin a breakdown of the independent assortment of the alleles forthose genes.

Random variation: No two situations are alike. In finitepopulations, you are going to get some variation across a mean.

When determining the relative genetic distance between twogenes, why is dihybrid back-cross preferable over traditionaldihybrid cross?

9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio is easier to work with than 1:1:1:1ratio.

Genotypes of the offspring can be determined based on theirphenotype.

If the genes are independently assorted, the dihybrid back-crosswould result in only 2 genotypes in the F1 generation.

B and C

Why do we map genes?

To understand how genes interact with each other

Comparative genomics analysis

To determine the genotype of an organism

All of the above

coralox210

QUESTION 1

Jim is blood type A, his brother John is type O and his sister Jane is type AB. What are the genotypes of their parents?

Which of the following is true for alleles that show incomplete dominance?

Heterozygotes have a genotype like the dominant allele.

Homozygotes have a genotype like the recessive allele.

Heterozygotes have a phenotype intermediate between the dominant and recessive alleles.

Homozygotes have the same phenotype as the heterozygotes.

QUESTION 3

Which principle of inheritance concluded that when games are formed in meiosis, the two alleles of each gene separate from one another, and each gamete receives only one allele?

independent assortment

Which term best describes a condition in which alleles at one locus can alter the expression of alleles at another locus?

polygenic inheritance

A single unit of genetic information located on a chromosome defines:

The physical expression (appearance or function) of an organism's genes defines:

genotype

a single characteristic

Palomino horses (golden color with a blond mane) are an incompletely dominant trait produced by the combination of the chestnut color allele and the cream color allele. If you wanted to produce as many palominos as possible, which mating strategy below would be the best choice?

Which term best describes the effect of a single gene on multiple aspects of the phenotype?

polygenic inheritance

QUESTION 9

Which term best describes the separate expression of both alleles for a single trait in the same cell?

polygenic inheritance

QUESTION 10

One form of a gene found on a single chromosome defines:

A chocolate lab (whose mother was a yellow lab) is mated with a black lab whose genotype is BbEe. What fraction of the offspring would be expected to be yellow labs?

What type of allele is always expressed regardless of whether the individual is homozygous or heterozygous for it?

Both the dominant and recessive alleles

Given the parents AABBGgHhrr Ã AabbGgHhRr, assume simple dominance and independent assortment. What proportion of the progeny will be expected to have the genotype AaBbggHHrr?

___________________ is defined as having two of the same type of allele for a particular trait.

The physical position of an allele on a single chromosome defines:

Which term best describes two or more genes affecting the phenotype in an additive fashion?

codominance

polygenic inheritance

Hemoglobin and Fitness Instructions Directions: Neutral Evolution

1. Obtain 20 beans of two different colors (e.g., white and red). Count out 16 white and 4 red beans. The white beans represent the Hn allele and the red beans represent the Hs allele. This is the genetic makeup of your starting population. (Note: You can use any objects that can readily be categorized into two groups, such as coins, colored rocks, or paper clips.)

2.Calculate the frequency of both alleles [f(Hn) and f(Hs)] and record them in Table 1. In our experiment frequency is a measure of how many copies of a given allele exist in the gene pool (i.e., a proportion). Use decimal values. â¨

3.Arrange the beans into pairs. These pairs represent the genotype of each of 10 individuals in the population. Record the number of individuals with each genotype [f(Hn Hn), f(Hn Hs), and f(HsHs)] in Table 1. â¨

4.Now imagine that the individuals are living and reproducing with each individual reproducing at the same rate (i.e., all individuals produce two copies of each of their alleles into the next generation). Obtain enough beans to represent the next generationâ the offspring generationâand then let the parental generation âdieâ. â¨

5.Calculate the frequency of each allele in the offspring generation and record it in Table 1. â¨

Answer the questions that follow in Table 1. â¨

Table 1

	f(HnHn)	f(HnHs)	f(HsHs)	f(Hn)	f(Hs)
oiginal generation
offspring generation

Answer the following questions to help you understand the exercise:

What happened to the frequency of the common allele? â¨

What happened to the frequency of the rare allele? â¨

What happened to the frequency of the common and rare alleles when the starting frequencies were different from yours

What happens to allele frequencies from one generation to the next if there are no evolutionary forces acting on the population? â¨

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MBG 2040 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Centimorgan, Lambda Phage, Recombinant Dna

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