ANTH 349 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Safe Sex, Opioid, Drug Paraphernalia
6 Jul 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
MIDTERM 1
HIV → HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
AIDS → ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (Not comprehensive disease, a
combination of several diseases.)
➢Becomes AIDS when you acquire opportunistic infections/cancers
➢Acquired → get it from someone else
➢Auto → Born with it
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Surveillance
Incidence → Number of new HIV infections in a 1yr period
➢Critical for tracking the leading edge of the epidemic, planning HIV prevention programs
and evaluating the impact of existing prevention programs
Prevalence → Number of people living with HIV at a specific point in time
➢Planning and allocating resources towards care and treatment for people with HIV and
AIDS
Proportion undiagnosed → Proportion of people living with HIV who haven’t been diagnosed
➢Estimating number and proportion. Help increase early diagnosis
→ TB = leading cause of death in people with HIV (1 in 3)
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Heterosexual/non-endemic → heterosexual contact with a person who is either HIV infected or
at risk of HIV or heterosexual contact as the only identified risk.
Heterosexual/endemic → Origin from a country where HIV is endemic
MSM → Men who have sex with Men
MSW → Men who have sex with women
IDU → People who inject drugs
Other → Recipients of blood transfusion or clotting factor perinatal and occupational
transmission
NR → Not reported
→ Estimates for new infections higher in 2011 than in 2014
→ 2014 - 50% new infections msm
→ Aboriginal peoples - over represented in HIV endemic in Canada (2014 - 11%, 18 per 100
000, nearly half IDU and heterosexual contact)
→ National rate 6 per 100 000
→ Newly diagnosed ≠ all people living with HIV in Canada
● Calgary → 3500-5500 (2018)
● HIV = relatively new disease. 1980 → start of endemic
● AIDS named in 1983, HIV virus discovered in 1986/1987
→ Currently no cure
● Slow acting virus → 2-5 years without treatment much longer with
● Can still transmit the disease during this time
● Affects younger individuals more than other chronic diseases
→ Source of transmission = Human behaviour
→ HIV often found in “marginalized populations”
● Modes of transmission often marginalized, deviant, criminal
● Stigma and discrimination = important aspect of AIDS
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History:
➢First case of unusual cancers (KS - Karposi Zarcoma) and pneumocytis jiroveci
pneumonia identified in 1981
➢Worldwide predominantly urban phenomenon primarily affecting gay males and
IDU
➢Etiology uncertain
1st Appearance:
➢5 people - MMWR report - June 1981 (NY, SF, LA)
➢Very little action taken by government (Ronald Regan)
Syndrome
→ unifying theme of rare pathogens usually related to poor cell mediated
immunity.
→ Low number of CD4 and lymphocytes identified in all patients
→ No clear etiology for the immune deficiency
AIDS Naming:
HTLV III → Human T-Cell lymphotrophic virus Type III
LAV → Lymphadenopathy virus
ARV → AIDS related Virus
*Now all called HIV*
➢Used to think it was “poppers” or stimulants or linked to behaviours. GRID → Gay
related immunodeficiency disease
→ HIV primarily infected cells of the immune system such as helper T-cells,
macrophages and dendritic cells
→ Leads to low levels of CD4 cells - direct viral killing of infected cells leading to loss of
immunity making the body progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections.
→ HIV - lowers immune system, makes you more susceptible to disease
→ Drugs can prevent HIV from entering certain parts of the cell, or stop it from reaching
a certain stage in the HIV cycle.
→ Cycle used to develop interventions
→ Affects several Organ systems
→ Cats:
➢Toxoplasmosis found - can enter the body
➢Cleaning poop or handling things they’ve urinated on
→ Pregnant with HIV - can cause birth defects
→ Conditions can be dependant on locations/age
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AIDS = 1 condition AND the presence of HIV
➢United states → Also presence of HIV and CD4 count less that 200
○ Health insurance won’t cover unless you’re sick enough. This was done so
more people could receive treatment and benefits
○ CD4 count → measurement of immune system. Healthy = 1000-20003
HIV Virology: Classification
➢Member of genus lentivirus, part of the family retroviridae (found in several
animals, not a quick acting virus)
➢Characteristically responsible for long duration illness with a long incubation
period
➢Lentiviruses are transmitted as single stranded rNA viruses
HIV 1 → Chimpanzee. Most common globally (90%)
HIV 2 → Sooty Mangabey (8-10%)
4 types of HIV 1 (MNOP):
○ From different infections
○ M = most common
○ P = Gorillas ( Unknown how the get it. They don’t eat meat). Not
widespread
Document Summary
Aids acquired immune deficiency syndrome (not comprehensive disease, a combination of several diseases. ) Becomes aids when you acquire opportunistic infections/cancers. Acquired get it from someone else. Incidence number of new hiv infections in a 1yr period. Critical for tracking the leading edge of the epidemic, planning hiv prevention programs and evaluating the impact of existing prevention programs. Prevalence number of people living with hiv at a specific point in time. Planning and allocating resources towards care and treatment for people with hiv and. Proportion undiagnosed proportion of people living with hiv who haven"t been diagnosed. Tb = leading cause of death in people with hiv (1 in 3) Heterosexual/non-endemic heterosexual contact with a person who is either hiv infected or at risk of hiv or heterosexual contact as the only identified risk. Heterosexual/endemi c origin from a country where hiv is endemic. Msm men who have sex with men. Msw men who have sex with women.
