PSYC 213 Study Guide - Final Guide: Descriptive Knowledge, Apple Pie, Transformational Grammar
28 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Final Review
Summary Class
• Knowledge comes from the mind -- theories
o Rationalism
• Knowledge comes from observations --experimental methods
o Empiricism
• Purpose of information is to reduce uncertainty
• Information processing takes time
o Response time linked to how much information is present in it
o Hick & Hyman
• Limited capacity for processing information
o Broadbent's filter model
o Waugh & Norman's model
• Historical ways of looking at how brain & mind linked
o Define & compare
• Debate between people who support functional specialization in brain and those that don't
o Support: phrenology & modules (Fodor)
o Against: Lashely's work & laws
Tools
• Examples to highlight each tool
o Morris water maze
o Skin conductance (psychophysiological measurement)
o Split brain patients
• Which neuroimaging tool to use to look at location of activity
o fMRI
Illusions
• Perception is active & constructive
o Illusions
• Perception breakdown; blindsight (perception without awareness)
o Also shows us about implicit perception; perceive without being aware
• Visual agnosia (Apperceptive & associative)
o Special type prosopagnosia
Concepts & Theories
• Gibson's ecological approach that says do not need to convert any sensory information to
perceive
o Cues used in environment to perceive
• Pattern recognition theories: match between what see in environment and internal
representations
o Template matching vs. feature detection
• Top-down: how our mind influences perception
o Have idea of what will see
o Gestalt --> perception emerges as a whole
• Principle of emergence (bi-stable figures)
• Illusions used by a lot of artists & photographers --manipulate depth cues
o Seeing faces in objects
o People who are in positive mood, females and score high in scale of neuroticism = more
likely see faces
• Individual differences
• Not on exam
Attention
• Automatic bottom-up vs. controlled top-down processes
• Bottom-up: attentional capture
o Things more biologically relevant to us capture attention more
• Top-down: selection of information
o Task switching (between mental sets)
o Selective attention
• Early vs. late filter models & experiments supporting each
• i.e. Stroop task
• How use attentional cues in environment
• Visual search task:
o Feature search task: bottom-up process; figure pops us
o Conjunction search task: more complex & effortful, look for something based on
combination of features
• Object-based view of attention for feature integration theory vs. location based for spotlight
theory
Deficits
• Unilateral neglect: damage to one side of the brain and neglect other side of the visual field
• Attention supported by brain areas
o dLPFC: holding attention online
o Anterior cingulate cortex for focusing attention
Memory
• 3 basic memory systems developed based on how long memories last
• Sensory memory: shortest type of memory
o Sperling; capacity of short-term memory
• Short-term memory
o Working memory is special form of short-term memory; has various components
• Long-term memory divided into implicit (priming, habit & motor skills) & explicit
o Implicit memories are unconscious but still affect behavior
• Explicit further divided into
o Episodic: affected by amnesia
• Information linked to specific context
o Semantic: knowledge of facts
Document Summary
Summary class: knowledge comes from the mind -- theories, rationalism, knowledge comes from observations --experimental methods, empiricism, purpose of information is to reduce uncertainty. Tools: examples to highlight each tool, morris water maze, skin conductance (psychophysiological measurement, split brain patients, which neuroimaging tool to use to look at location of activity fmri. Illusions: perception breakdown; blindsight (perception without awareness, also shows us about implicit perception; perceive without being aware, visual agnosia (apperceptive & associative, special type prosopagnosia. Illusions used by a lot of artists & photographers --manipulate depth cues: seeing faces in objects, people who are in positive mood, females and score high in scale of neuroticism = more likely see faces. Deficits: unilateral neglect: damage to one side of the brain and neglect other side of the visual field, attention supported by brain areas, dlpfc: holding attention online, anterior cingulate cortex for focusing attention.
