[BIOL 2003] - Final Exam Guide - Comprehensive Notes for the exam (125 pages long!)

_____What is added to a molecule such as ADP when it is phosphorylated?

_____ An anaerobic process in which pyruvate is converted to lactate

_____ A biochemical process that breaks down food molecules to produce other molecules for cellular maintenance.

_____What is the final end product of Glycolysis?

_____ Refers to the potential energy provided by a large hydrogen-cation concentration gradient, and it’s movement across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis.

_____ A molecule that transfers or shuttles electrons during redox reactions.

_____ An organism that can survive in the presence or absence of oxygen.

_____ A type of enzyme that teams with NAD⁺ to remove hydrogen atoms with their electrons.

_____ The loss of electrons from one molecule to another.

_____ A process in which ATP is produced using the energy stored in concentration gradients.

_____ The products produced during a biochemical reaction that fall between the starting molecule and the end product.

_____ Biochemical process in which a glucose molecule is degraded to two pyruvates.

_____ Short for “reduction/oxidation” reactions

_____How many pyruvate molecules are produced from a single Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate?

_____ The formation of ATP occurring when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from an organic molecule to ADP.

_____ Organisms that will die in the presence of oxygen.

_____ A term referring to the presence of oxygen.

_____ A series of electron-carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.

_____ A biochemical process in which pyruvate is produced without the presence of oxygen.

20._____ The metabolic cycle that is fueled by Acetyl CoEnzyme A; occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria and supplies most of the NADH molecules that carry energy to the electron transport chain.

_____What is the chemical formula for Cellular Respiration?

_____What environmental condition is necessary for Anaerobic Respiration to occur?

_____Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur in the mitochondria?

_____Where does Glycolysis occur in a cell?

_____ An anaerobic process in which CO₂ is released as a byproduct and ethanol is produced as a product.

_____Where does the Krebs cycle occur in the mitochondria?

_____ The gain of electrons from one molecule to another.

_____ A high-energy fuel molecule that begins the Citric Acid Cycle.

_____What condition is necessary of Aerobic Respiration to occur?

_____ A term referring to the absence of oxygen.

_____What compound is derived from B vitamins, and helps the Acetyl portion of Acetyl CoA into the Krebs Cycle?

_____What is the name of the molecule that channels protons, providing the energy necessary to phosphorylate ADP to ATP?

_____In the blank, write the number of ATP^’s that can be synthesized from 3 NADH molecules.

_____In the blank, write the number of ATP^’s that can be synthesized from a single FADH₂ molecule.

_____What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?

_____What molecule is regenerated during the process of the Krebs Cycle?

_____What enzyme is used to catalyzed the reaction that occurs during the formation of Acetyl CoA?

_____How many pyruvates are produced from a single glucose molecule?

_____How many Acetyl CoA molecules are produced from a single glucose molecule?

_____What is the reduced form of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide?

_____What is the oxidized form of Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide?

42._____ A membrane protein that is used in conjunction with chemiosmosis to produced ATP.

I know that this alot of questions, but it's kinda a last ditch effort. these are the last 42 definitions i have left to answer out of 500 question for my final exam study guide. so whatever help i can get is fine. No explanations needed just what each definition is explaining and thanks in advance ladies and gentlemen.

You are the charge nurse working in labor and delivery at a local hospital. D.H. comes to the unit having contractions and feeling somewhat uncomfortable. You take her to the intake room to provide privacy, have her change into a gown, and ask her three initial questions to determine your next course of action, that is, whether to do a vaginal exam or to continue asking her more questions.

What three initial questions will you ask, and why?

D.H. has contractions 2 to 3 minutes apart and lasting 45 seconds. It is her third pregnancy

(gravida 3, para 2002). Her bag of waters is intact at this time. She states that her due date is 2

days away. You determine that it is appropriate to ask for further information before a vaginal

exam is done. What information do you need?

What assessment should you make to gain further information from D.H.?

Upon examination, D.H. is 80% effaced and 4 cm dilated. The fetal heart rate (FHR) is

150 beats/min and regular. She is admitted to a labor and delivery room on the unit. What

nursing measures should be done at this time?

List the stages of labor. D.H. is in what stage of labor?

D.H. states that she is feeling discomfort and asks you whether there is alternative therapy

available before taking medication. List at least four alternative methods to assist D.H. with

controlling her discomfort.

As you assess both the mother and the fetus during the active stage of labor, you will look

for abnormalities. Which of these are potential abnormalities during labor? (Select all that

apply.)

Unusual bleeding

Brown or greenish amniotic fluid

Contractions that last 40 to 70 seconds

Sudden, severe pain

Increased maternal fatigue

11 Maternal/ObstetricCASE STUDY PROGRESS

Although D.H. continues to use alternative therapies for discomfort, she asks for pain medication and receives a dose of meperidine (Demerol). Three hours later, D.H. is lying on her back, and during contractions you notice a few late decelerations of the FHR. You stay with D.H. to monitor her and her fetus and immediately call for someone to notify the PCP.

Put these actions in order of priority accompanied with an explanation to why you chose that particular order.

Discontinue the oxytocin infusion.

Turn D.H. onto her left side and elevate her legs.

Increase the rate of the maintenance IV fluids.

Administer oxygen at 8-10 L/min by facemask.

Decelerations occur in an early, variable, or late pattern. What is the significance of these

patterns? State what the nurse should do for each type.

As you monitor D.H., you observe for prolapse of the umbilical cord. Describe what this is

and what can happen to the fetus if this occurs.

What would be done if you noted that D.H. had a prolapsed cord?

The decelerations stop, and the remainder of the labor is uneventful; D.H. has an episiotomy to allow

more room for the infant to emerge and delivers a male infant.

What is involved in the immediate care of the newborn?

As you assess the newborn, you observe for CNS depressant effects that might result because the mother received an opioid during labor. Opioid antagonists such as naloxone (Narcan) can promptly reverse the CNS depressant effects in the newborn, but when is naloxone contraindicated for an infant?

D.H. has her episiotomy repaired and the placenta delivered. What are the signs that the

placenta has released from the uterine wall?

What assessments are important for D.H. following delivery?

CASE STUDY OUTCOME

FINAL OUTCOME: D.H. and her newborn baby boy are taken to the maternity unit where she begins to breastfeed him