BIOL 1011 Study Guide - Winter 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Protein, Nervous System, Skin
BIOL 1011
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Animals: Lecture 1
• What is an Animal?
- All animals are heterotrophs – need to consume food that is produced by others (obtain energy
and nutrients).
- They are multicellular, lack a cell wall, and are capable of movement at some stage of
development.
➢ Functions of an Animal:
a) Reproduce and Develop
b) Obtain matter and energy and transport it throughout the body
c) Exchange gas between internal and external environments
d) Protect itself from the external environment and pathogens.
e) Maintain water and solute concentrations in the internal environment
f) Support and Movement (skeleton and muscles)
g) Coordinate body functions
➢ Structure of an Animal – How is it related to function?
- Structure = hierarchical organization of the biological structures of an animal (molecules,
organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms)
Structure enables function: the physical and chemical characteristics of a biological structure
determines the function that the biological structure carries out – how it interacts with other
structures.
Additionally, structure determines what functions cannot be carried out – structure constrains
futio. A struture for oe futio ill liit the struture’s ability to function in another
matter – functional trade-offs! difficult if not impossible to optimize for all parameters.
- Cartilage and Bone = types of connective tissue that are similar in structure – example of
functional trade off.
Cartilage contains collagenous fibers that are embedded in a rubbery protein
carbohydrate complex, which together make cartilage a strong yet flexible support
material. (Trades strength for flexibility)
Bone is mineralized connective tissue, where osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) deposit a
matrix of collagen - making the matrix of the bone very hard and thus sacrificing the
flexibility that cartilage possesses for strength. (Trades flexibility for strength)
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2
- Function can feed back to determine structure.
If there is evolutionary pressure on a particular function, the quality of the functioning can
affet a aial’s fitess. Within a population, there is variability in the quality functioning, and
natural selection will choose the structures that perform that function well.
Natural selection acts on variability and through that variability, organisms become adapted to
their environment. Structures change through evolutionary time to become adapted to a
particular environment to carry out their function well.
- Structures ake sese i the otet of the aial’s eiroet.
Example: Gray Seals
o Gray seals have a fusiform body shape (torpedo shape) and a thick layer of blubber
terrile for oig o lad, ut aazig for he the’re i ater their atural
habitat).
o Blubber helps them to stay warm in a cold, watery environment that would otherwise
leech heat away from their bodies; the fusiform shape of gray seals helps them to
maneuver through the waters in an effective manner – reduces drag.
➢ Biological Structures interact to form complex systems:
→ Molecules (protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and nucleic acids) → Orgaelles itohodria, Golgi…
→ Cells oe ells, ski ells… → Tissues (epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous tissue)
→ Organs (skin, heart, brain) → Organ Systems (circulatory systems, respiratory system)
→ Organisms (animals, plants).
A change in one component of a network (cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism) can
affect many other components.
Example:
→ A change at the molecular and cellular level (cell) → degradation of cartilage (tissues)
→ Problems with the knee (organ) → musculoskeletal system must compensate (organ system)
→ Compromised locomotion (organism)
Also, each level of organization has properties that are not exhibited by lower levels.
➢ Systems of Animal Bodies:
All animals are multicellular, and all cells of an animal must exchange materials with the external
environment (gases, wastes, nutrients). Some animals are structurally simple enough that all cells are
in direct contact with the external environment to accomplish this
Ex: Hydra
The outer layer separates animal body from the external environment – the cells that make up
this outer layer are in direct contact with the outside. The inner layer of cells (gastrovascular
cavity) are also in direct contact with the water that goes in and out of the hydra, providing an
opportunity for the gastrovascular cavity to exchange materials in the water.
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