ARCC 1202 Study Guide - Quiz Guide: Flims, Kenneth Snelson, Allianz Arena
7 Jun 2018
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History of Structures Exam 3
Wood Panels
Plywood is structurally perhaps the most interesting panel product. It is made up of multiple wood
veneers having alternating grain directions at 90 degrees to each other. This
provides the panel with nearly identical strength and stiffness properties in
both orthogonal directions.
Structural insulating panels (SIPs) are products that consist of a sandwich of two layers of panels,
usually OSB (Oriented strand board) or plywood, with an insulating layer of foam in between them.
OSB:
Beams are also produced from glued veneers: Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) uses multiple layers
of thin veneers or OSB cut into rectangular strips that are glued together. Such beams have a grain
orientation parallel to their length, and less likely to warp, twist, or shrink than conventional lumber.
I-Joists and Solid Wood Elements
Other engineered wood products include the I-joists, a built-up wood beam with flanges and web
whose profile resembles that of a rolled steel section. Such beams may replace conventional sawn
lumber for floor structures involving long spans.
More recently, a new structural wood product is the solid wood element used as floor or roof slabs
or as wall elements capable of carrying both vertical loads as well as in-plane and out-of-plane
horizontal loads. They are made of boards in layers that are bonded by glue, or by wooden dowels.
Cardboard
Cardboard is the end product of a multi-step manufacturing process in which wood is the original
raw material; it is made from a series of layers of recycled paper that are glued together. In recent
years the material has found interesting applications beyond its conventional packing purposes by
forming unexpected load-bearing structural elements in architectural projects (i.e., Shigeru Ban’s
projects). Applying a coating such as varnish improves its fire resistance.
Glass
Glass is an inorganic, transparent material that has become effectively solid and rigid without
crystallizing. The production of glass starts with melting together (mainly) quartz sand (silica),
sodium carbonate, and lime.
A controlled cooling process (annealing) produces an amorphous (i.e., not crystalline) material
which is solid at room temperatures, even though the microstructure resembles that of liquids.
Glazing, as it applies to building, refers to the installing of glass in an opening, or to the transparent
material (usually glass) in a glazed opening.
Crown & Cylinder Glass: By the 10th century A.D., the
island of Murano in Venice had become the major center of
glassmaking, producing Crown and Cylinder glass for
windows. A Punty is used to spin and blow the Crown of
glass.
Making cylinder glass in the 19th century, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Elongated glass bottles were blown by swinging the blowpipe back and
forth in the pit in front of the furnace (center). As each bottle solidified
(left), it was brought to another area where the ends were cut off to
produce cylinders (right). The cylinders were reheated and flattened
into sheets from which window glass was cut.
Plate Glass
(17th Century, France)
Drawn Glass
(Early 20th Century)
Molten glass is cast in
frames, rolled into sheets,
cooled and then ground
flat and polished.
Pulled flat sheets from
molten glass with
mechanized grinding
and polishing.
Document Summary
Plywood is structurally perhaps the most interesting panel product. It is made up of multiple wood veneers having alternating grain directions at 90 degrees to each other. This provides the panel with nearly identical strength and stiffness properties in both orthogonal directions. Structural insulating panels (sips) are products that consist of a sandwich of two layers of panels, usually osb (oriented strand board) or plywood, with an insulating layer of foam in between them. Beams are also produced from glued veneers: laminated veneer lumber (lvl) uses multiple layers of thin veneers or osb cut into rectangular strips that are glued together. Such beams have a grain orientation parallel to their length, and less likely to warp, twist, or shrink than conventional lumber. Other engineered wood products include the i-joists, a built-up wood beam with flanges and web whose profile resembles that of a rolled steel section. Such beams may replace conventional sawn lumber for floor structures involving long spans.
