KINE 2P05 Study Guide - Final Guide: Motor Program, Mental Chronometry, Motor System
19 Dec 2016
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Lecture 5 Review
Lecture 5 – Motor Programs & Theories of MC
• Idea of open vs. closed loop processing
• Motor Programs
o Blueprint for action, planned in advance by executive, not affected by
feedback
▪ Advance instructions are generated (Identification of operations,
sequencing and timing). → Program is initiated → No capability for
detection and correction of error
▪ Called “programmed actions”
• Organized in advance
• Triggered as a whole
• Carried out without feedback
▪ Central Organization
• Several lines of evidence back up this idea. → Reaction time
and Deafferentation
o Evidence that supports concept – Problems associated with concept?
▪ Hick’s Law
• Increased RT with Increased processing time
▪ S-R Compatibility
• Increased RT when processing was not “natural”
▪ Reaction Time: Response Complexity Effects
• Movement that needs to be performed can affect RT
• Complexity of a motor program is proportional to the
complexity of the movement that it produces
• Conclusion: Movements are programmed in their entirety
before initiation.
• ñRT as the movement after response initiation becomes
more complex…more time is required to organize the motor
system before initiating the action…meaning… Evidence
that (at least the initial part of) an action is organized in
advance of movement onset
• In general:
o RT increases when additional movement elements
are added to the action
o RT increases when more limbs must be co-ordinated
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
o RT increases when the duration of the movement
becomes longer
▪ Reaction Time: Startled Reactions
• Decrease in RT due to the presentation of an
unexpected stimulus (auditory or visual)
• The Startle Effect occurs when the stimulus is
accompanied by a very loud auditory signal
• Response:
o Protective contractions in face and neck
o Intended movement is produced faster (up to 100
ms)
o Movement is planned in advance and released
early by the startle signal
▪ Evidence from Deafferentation Experiment
• Afferent = To the Brain = Sensory Pathways
• Deafferented
o CNS altered so that brain does not receive
afferent signals
o Surgical
▪ Nerve bundles cut at spinal cord
▪ Motor pathways still intact
o Pathological
▪ If nerve impulses are prevented from
reaching the spinal cord, the system is no
longer intact
▪ Reflex chains will not work
▪ Lack of feedback from impacted areas
prevents closed-loop control
o Patient without sensory feedback from the legs
can still position knee at a specific angle
o Can still perform adequately if there is visual
information
▪ Problems with Motor Program Concept:
• Storage: It would require millions of specific motor
programs for each possible movement!
o – Basketball Shots
• Novelty: If skilled movements are controlled by learned
programs stored in memory, how could we ever produce a
new movement?
o GMP Theory (Richard Schmidt)
•
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Lecture 5 motor programs & theories of mc. Idea of open vs. closed loop processing: motor programs, blueprint for action, planned in advance by executive, not affected by feedback, advance instructions are generated (identification of operations, sequencing and timing). Program is initiated no capability for detection and correction of error: called programmed actions , organized in advance, triggered as a whole, carried out without feedback, central organization, several lines of evidence back up this idea. Reaction time and deafferentation: evidence that supports concept problems associated with concept, hick"s law. Increased rt with increased processing time: s-r compatibility. If mt increases, all portions of the movement change as an entire unit: most important invariant feature, relative timing in locomotion, relative timing of step cycle parts: Dynamic pattern theory: what are these constraints, boundaries that limit movement capabilities, task constraints: goal, rules, objects, etc. Individual constraints: body shape, weight, height, emotional factors, cognitive factors, etc: environmental constraints: gravity, temperature,
