HLSC 4P50 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Nevis, Epidemiology, Vienna General Hospital
12 Oct 2018
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HLSC 4P50
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
HLSC 4P50
DR. NEVIS
SEPT. 6TH, 2018
What is epidemiology?
-distribution and determinants of disease & health in specific populations, in order to
understand and improve health
-two types of epidemiology
-descriptive (who, how often, where, when)
-analytical (why)
-measuring exposure/outcome
-demonstrates mathematical relationship between exposure and outcome
-adjusting for important factors
-objectives of epidemiology:
-identify etiology or cause of a disease and relevant risk factors
-determine extent of disease within community
-study natural history and prognosis of disease
-evaluate existing and newly developed measures and modes of health care delivery
-provide foundation to improve health care
-changing patterns of health problems
-disease occurrence in developing countries today, mimics that which was seen in US
during the 1900s - infectious diseases are biggest problems
-in north America we are more focused on chronic diseases
-prevention
-types of prevention:
-primary prevention: action taken to prevent the development of a disease in a
person who is well and does not yet have the disease
-ex. Vaccination
-Secondary prevention: identifying people in whom a disease process has
already begun but who have not yet developed clinical symptoms
-ex. Screening for cancers
-tertiary prevention: preventing complications in those who have symptoms and
have been diagnosed
-ex. Rehabilitation for stroke victims, so that damage done is done, but
preventing further damage
-approaches to prevention
a. population -based approach
-measure is widely applied to entire population
-ex. Fluoridation of water
b. High-risk approach
-applies to a specific group at high risk, receiving preventative measure
-epidemiological approach to identify cause of disease
-step 1: determine whether an association exists between exposure and outcome
-step 2: derive appropriate inferences about a possible causal relationship from the
patterns of the associations that have been found
-modes of transmission
-transmission is the product of an interaction between the human host, an agent and
environment
-direct transmission: person to person contact
-ex. STIs
-indirect transmission:
a. common vehicle/fomite
-single exposure
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
HLSC 4P50
DR. NEVIS
SEPT. 6TH, 2018
-multiple exposure
-continuous exposure
b. vector
-clinical and non-clinical disease
-clinical disease: characterized by signs and symptoms
-nonclinical disease
-preclinical: not yet clinically apparent, but is destined to progress to clinical
-subclinical: not clinically apparent and not destined to progress
-chronic: a person fails to shake off the infection, and it persists
-latent: an infection with no active multiplication of the agent, as when viral
nucleic
acid is incorporated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus
-Endemic, epidemic, pandemic
-endemic: habitual presence of a disease within a given geographic area
-epidemic: occurrence of cases of a disease clearly in excess of the number of cases
expected
-pandemic: an epidemic that has spread to several countries-disease outbreaks
-disease outbreaks
-common vehicle exposure: if an outbreak occurs in a group of people who have eaten
the food
-single exposure: the food may be served only once
-multiple exposures: food may be served more than once
-periodic: when a water supply is contaminated with sewage because of leaky pipes, the
contamination can be causing multiple exposures as a result of changing pressures in
the water supply
-ex. Typhoid Mary. When she cooked, people got sick, but when another chef
cooked, the people did not get sick
-continuous: a constant leak in the water supply leads to persistent contamination
-herd immunity
-resistance to an attack by a disease to which a large proportion of the members of the
group are immune
-incubation period
-the interval from receipt of infection to the time of onset of clinical illness
-ex. Becoming infected today, disease may not develop for a number of days or
weeks
-attack rate
-number of people at risk in whom a certain disease develops / total number at risk
-ex. Prof’s family was on vacation, 1 son got food poisoning out of the 4 of them
--> attack rate is 1/4 or 0.25
-components of a good research question
-population
-intervention
-comparison
-outcome
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Distribution and determinants of disease & health in specific populations, in order to understand and improve health. Identify etiology or cause of a disease and relevant risk factors. Evaluate existing and newly developed measures and modes of health care delivery. Disease occurrence in developing countries today, mimics that which was seen in us during the 1900s - infectious diseases are biggest problems. In north america we are more focused on chronic diseases. Primary prevention: action taken to prevent the development of a disease in a person who is well and does not yet have the disease. Secondary prevention: identifying people in whom a disease process has already begun but who have not yet developed clinical symptoms. Tertiary prevention: preventing complications in those who have symptoms and have been diagnosed. Rehabilitation for stroke victims, so that damage done is done, but preventing further damage. Measure is widely applied to entire population: high-risk approach.
