BIOL 1F25 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Oncogene, Nitrogenous Base, Deoxyribose

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24 Jan 2018

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Allele one of two or more alternative forms of a single gene. Genetic information is coded in the dna, which is responsible for species and individual variation. A gene"s nucleotide sequence specifies a protein or rna and is subject to mutational alteration. genetic code the base-pair information that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein. amino acids the building blocks of proteins. Converted to active form by plasminogen activator. regulatory proteins proteins active in the activation or repression of transcription of the gene. N-cam neural cell adhesion molecule, a protein that is found on the cell surface and is important for adhering cells together. The dna integrates into the host"s chromosome where it can be transcribed. somatic mutation a mutation that occurs in a somatic cell (in multicellular organisms). Oncogenes are altered forms of proto-oncogenes. benign refers to a tumour that contains cells which closely resemble normal cells.

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When a parent who is heterozgyous for a trait is crossed with a parent who is heterozygous for a trait, the offspring will:

(remember homozygous means two of the same alleles and heterozygous means two different alleles)

Select one:

a. have 3 out of 4 the dominant phenotype and 1 out of 4 the recessive phenotype

b. have 2 out of 4 the dominant phenotype and 2 out of 4 the recessive phenotype

c. all have the dominant phenotype

d. have 1 out of 4 the dominant phenotype

When a parent who is heterozgyous for a trait is crossed with a parent who is homozygous dominant for a trait, the offspring will:

(remember homozygous means two of the same alleles and heterozygous means two different alleles)

Select one:

a. all have the recessive phenotype

b. all will have the dominant allele

c. all be homozygous dominant genotype

When a parent who is heterozgyous for a trait is crossed with a parent who is heterozygous for a trait, the offspring will:

(remember homozygous means two of the same alleles and heterozygous means two different alleles)

Select one:

a. have 3 dominant phenotypes, 2 heterozygous genotypes, and 1 homozygous recessive genotype

b. have 1 dominant phenotype, 2 heterozygous genotypes, and 1 homozygous recessive phenotype

c. have all dominant phenotypes, 2 heterozygous genotypes, and 1 homozygous recessive genotype

When doing Punnett squares for fur, the letter f represents ______ and the letter F represents _____.

Select one:

a. the recessive allele, the dominant allele

b. the dominant allele, the recessive allele

c. the dominant gene, the recessive gene

d. the recessive gene, the dominant gene

10.

When a parent who is heterozgyous for a trait is crossed with a parent who is homozygous recessive for a trait, the offspring will:

(remember homozygous means two of the same alleles and heterozygous means two different alleles)

Select one:

a. be half heterozygous and half homozygous recessive

b. be all heterozygous

c. be all homozygous recessive

d. be all homozygous dominant

Differentiate between asexual and sexual reproduction, and explain the advantages and disadvantages of each.

Differentiate between dominant and recessive alleles, and describe how they are expressed in homozygous, heterozygous, and recessive states.

Distinguish between phenotype and genotype. Which of them interacts directly with the environment? When would a mutation in only one allele affect the phenotype of a diploid organism? When would a mutation in only one allele affect adaptation to a changing environment?

Distinguish between a gamete and a zygote.

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Question 2. Splicing is complicated. There isconstitutive splicing, and then there is regulated alternativesplicing, and these molecular events can occur in the same ordifferent tissues.

a. What is constitutive splicing?

b. What is alternative splicing?

c. Draw a gene with three exons and twointrons. In this example assume exons 1,2,3 are expressed in onetissue and exons 1,3 are expressed in another. Draw the alternativesplicing, and the resulting RNA from this gene.

d. Draw a model illustrating how sterichindrance can promote alternative splicing with in a gene.

e. An individual is heterozygous, one copy ofthe gene has a mutation in exon 1 and the other copy of the gen ehas a mutation exon 3. Draw their genes, with mutations. What RNAmolecules can be expressed from these alleles? Will thisheterozygote have a mutant or a wild - type phenotype? Explain.Assume the 1/3 variant and the 1/2/3 variant are required indifferent tissues

Question 3 . You haveidentified a 4 exon gene expressed in the nervous system of adiploid animal. Different splice variants are expressed in thenervous tissue at the same time. T he organism under study has agene, unc - 250 , that controls movement and has three differentrecessive mutant alleles: allele s a 1 , a2 , and a3 . All threemutations are nonsens e stop mutations. When a diploid organism ishomozygous for allele a 1 animals die. When homozygous for eitherallele a2 , or allele a3 , animals are very uncoordinated in theirmovement (unc). Alleles a2 and a3 fail to complement allele a1 ,that is to say a1 / a2 and a 1 / a3 heteroallelic animals are veryuncoordinated in their movement (unc). However, a2 / a3 animals arewild type, ie they complement. Using alternative splicingconstruct a logical model for these observations and show whereeach of the mutations would be located in the gene.

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BIOL 1F25 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Oncogene, Nitrogenous Base, Deoxyribose

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