LLB180 Study Guide - Final Guide: Crimes Act 1900, Natural Justice, Indictable Offence
SENTENCING PROCESS:
SET NPP FIRST – THEN HEAD SENTENCE
NPP should be not be less than one-third of total sentence (unless special
circumstances)
1. MAXIMUM PENALTY for the offence? (worst case only)
2. Purposes of sentencing? (s 3A C(SP)A) Which are applicable?
(a) to ensure that the offender is adequately punished for the offence,
(b) to prevent crime by deterring the offender and other persons from committing similar
offences,
(c) to protect the community from the offender,
(d) to promote the rehabilitation of the offender,
(e) to make the offender accountable for his or her actions,
(f) to denounce the conduct of the offender,
(g) to recognise the harm done to the victim of the crime and the community.
3. Has the defendant entered an early guilty plea – 25% discount – Section 22
4. Is there a SNPP applicable? (ss 54A-D, Table)
oMuldrock – guideposts, cannot be considered in isolation – not to be the starting
point, but to be taken into consider
5. Is there a Guideline Judgement applicable? (ss 36-42A)
oArmed robbery?? – Henry [1999]
Between 4 and 5 years imprisonment
oGuilty pleas – Thomson & Houlton
10.25% discount
6. Section 21A – aggravating and mitigating factors?
(1) General In determining the appropriate sentence for an offence, the court is to take into
account the following matters:
(a) the aggravating factors referred to in subsection (2) that are relevant and known
to the court,
(b) the mitigating factors referred to in subsection (3) that are relevant and known
to the court,
(c) any other objective or subjective factor that affects the relative seriousness of
the offence. [SNPPs???]
The matters referred to in this subsection are in addition to any other matters that
are required or permitted to be taken into account by the court under any Act or
rule of law.
(2) Aggravating factors The aggravating factors to be taken into account in determining the
appropriate sentence for an offence are as follows:
(a) the victim was a police officer, emergency services worker, correctional officer,
judicial officer, council law enforcement officer, health worker, teacher, community
worker, or other public official, exercising public or community functions and the
offence arose because of the victim's occupation or voluntary work,
(b) the offence involved the actual or threatened use of violence,
(c) the offence involved the actual or threatened use of a weapon,
(ca) the offence involved the actual or threatened use of explosives or a chemical or
biological agent,
(cb) the offence involved the offender causing the victim to take, inhale or be
affected by a narcotic drug, alcohol or any other intoxicating substance,
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(d) the offender has a record of previous convictions (particularly if the offender is
being sentenced for a serious personal violence offence and has a record of
previous convictions for serious personal violence offences),
(e) the offence was committed in company,
(ea) the offence was committed in the presence of a child under 18 years of age,
(eb) the offence was committed in the home of the victim or any other person,
(f) the offence involved gratuitous cruelty,
(g) the injury, emotional harm, loss or damage caused by the offence was
substantial,
(h) the offence was motivated by hatred for or prejudice against a group of people
to which the offender believed the victim belonged (such as people of a particular
religion, racial or ethnic origin, language, sexual orientation or age, or having a
particular disability),
(i) the offence was committed without regard for public safety,
(ia) the actions of the offender were a risk to national security (within the meaning
of the National Security Information (Criminal and Civil Proceedings) Act 2004 of the
Commonwealth),
(ib) the offence involved a grave risk of death to another person or persons,
(j) the offence was committed while the offender was on conditional liberty in
relation to an offence or alleged offence,
(k) the offender abused a position of trust or authority in relation to the victim,
(l) the victim was vulnerable, for example, because the victim was very young or
very old or had a disability, or because of the victim's occupation (such as a taxi
driver, bus driver or other public transport worker, bank teller or service station
attendant),
(m) the offence involved multiple victims or a series of criminal acts,
(n) the offence was part of a planned or organised criminal activity,
(o) the offence was committed for financial gain,
(p) without limiting paragraph (ea), the offence was a prescribed traffic offence and
was committed while a child under 16 years of age was a passenger in the offender's
vehicle.
The court is not to have additional regard to any such aggravating factor in
sentencing if it is an element of the offence.
(3) Mitigating factors The mitigating factors to be taken into account in determining the
appropriate sentence for an offence are as follows:
(a) the injury, emotional harm, loss or damage caused by the offence was not
substantial,
(b) the offence was not part of a planned or organised criminal activity,
(c) the offender was provoked by the victim,
(d) the offender was acting under duress,
(e) the offender does not have any record (or any significant record) of previous
convictions,
(f) the offender was a person of good character,
(g) the offender is unlikely to re-offend,
(h) the offender has good prospects of rehabilitation, whether by reason of the
offender's age or otherwise,
(i) the remorse shown by the offender for the offence, but only if:
(i) the offender has provided evidence that he or she has accepted responsibility for
his or her actions, and
(ii) the offender has acknowledged any injury, loss or damage caused by his or her
actions or made reparation for such injury, loss or damage (or both),
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(j) the offender was not fully aware of the consequences of his or her actions
because of the offender's age or any disability,
(k) a plea of guilty by the offender (as provided by section 22),
(l) the degree of pre-trial disclosure by the defence (as provided by section 22A),
(m) assistance by the offender to law enforcement authorities (as provided by
section 23).
(4) The court is not to have regard to any such aggravating or mitigating factor in sentencing
if it would be contrary to any Act or rule of law to do so.
(5) The fact that any such aggravating or mitigating factor is relevant and known to the court
does not require the court to increase or reduce the sentence for the offence.
(5A) Special rules for child sexual offences In determining the appropriate sentence for a
child sexual offence, the good character or lack of previous convictions of an offender is not
to be taken into account as a mitigating factor if the court is satisfied that the factor
concerned was of assistance to the offender in the commission of the offence.
(5AA) Special rule for self-induced intoxication In determining the appropriate sentence for
an offence, the self-induced intoxication of the offender at the time the offence was
committed is not to be taken into account as a mitigating factor.
(5B) Subsections (5A) and (5AA) have effect despite any Act or rule of law to the contrary.
(5C) For the purpose of subsection (2) (p), an offence under any of the following provisions is
taken to have been committed while a child under 16 years of age was a passenger in the
offender's vehicle if the offence was part of a series of events that involved the driving of the
vehicle while the child was a passenger in the vehicle:
(a) section 13 (2), 15 (4), 18B (2), 18D (2), 22 (2), 24D (1) or 29 (2) of the former Road
Transport (Safety and Traffic Management) Act 1999,
(b) clause 16 (1) (a), (b) or (c), 17 (1) or 18 (1) of Schedule 3 to the Road Transport Act 2013.
(6) In this section:
"child sexual offence" means:
(a) an offence against section 61I, 61J, 61JA, 61K, 61M, 61N, 61O or 66F of the
Crimes Act 1900 where the person against whom the offence was committed was
then under the age of 16 years, or
(b) an offence against section 66A, 66B, 66C, 66D, 66EA, 66EB, 91D, 91E, 91F, 91G or
91H of the Crimes Act 1900, or
(c) an offence against section 80D or 80E of the Crimes Act 1900 where the person
against whom the offence was committed was then under the age of 16 years, or
(d) an offence against section 91J, 91K or 91L of the Crimes Act 1900 where the
person who was being observed or filmed as referred to in those sections was then
under the age of 16 years, or
(e) an offence of attempting, or of conspiracy or incitement, to commit an offence
referred to in any of the above paragraphs.
"prescribed traffic offence" means an offence under any of the following
provisions:
(a) sections 9, 11B (1) and (3), 12 (1), 13 (2), 15 (4), 18B (2), 18D (2), 22 (2), 24D (1)
and 29 (2) of the former Road Transport (Safety and Traffic Management) Act 1999,
(a1) sections 110, 111 (1) and (3) and 112 (1) of the Road Transport Act 2013 and
clauses 16 (1) (a), (b) or (c), 17 (1) and 18 (1) of Schedule 3 to that Act,
(b) sections 51B (1) and 52A (1) (a) and (3) (a) of the Crimes Act 1900,
(c) section 52A (2) and (4) of the Crimes Act 1900 in the circumstances of
aggravation referred to in section 52A (7) (a), (c) or (d) of that Act.
"self-induced intoxication" has the same meaning it has in Part 11A of the Crimes
Act 1900.
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Document Summary
Is there a snpp applicable? (ss 54a-d, table: muldrock guideposts, cannot be considered in isolation not to be the starting point, but to be taken into consider. Between 4 and 5 years imprisonment: guilty pleas thomson & houlton. Transport (safety and traffic management) act 1999, (b) clause 16 (1) (a), (b) or (c), 17 (1) or 18 (1) of schedule 3 to the road transport act 2013. (6) in this section: "child sexual offence" means: (a) an offence against section 61i, 61j, 61ja, 61k, 61m, 61n, 61o or 66f of the. Crimes act 1900 where the person against whom the offence was committed was then under the age of 16 years, or (b) an offence against section 66a, 66b, 66c, 66d, 66ea, 66eb, 91d, 91e, 91f, 91g or. "self-induced intoxication" has the same meaning it has in part 11a of the crimes.
