CHEM1020 Study Guide - Final Guide: Valence Bond Theory, Trigonal Planar Molecular Geometry, Organic Compound

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Carbon has the ability to exist in a number of geometries and to bond to any atom type. According to the valence bond theory, there are three hybridisation states and geometries found in organic compounds: sp3: tetrahedral, e. g. alkanes sp2: trigonal planar, e. g. alkenes sp: linear, e. g. alkynes. Promotion of an electron from a 2s to a vacant 2p orbital would form four unpaired electrons for bonding. Experimental evidence points to carbon forming four identical bonds. Atoms like carbon do not use pure s and pure p orbitals in forming bonds. Instead, atoms use a set of new orbitals called hybrid orbitals. Hybridization is the combination of two or more atomic orbitals to form the same number of hybrid orbitals, each having the same shape and energy. A functional group is an atom or a group of atoms with characteristic chemical and physical properties. It is the reactive part of the molecule.

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