PSY3032 Study Guide - Final Guide: Temporal Lobe, Cognitive Model, Antipsychotic
21 Jun 2018
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Week 10 personality disorder
What is personality?
The totality of qualities & traits, as of character or behaviour, that are peculiar to a
specific person
Enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, & thinking about the environment &
oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social & personal contexts
When is personality disordered?
Enduring pattern of behaviour & inner expereicne that deviated markedly from the
expectations of a person’s culture in at least 2 of the following areas:
-Cognition
-Affectivity
-Interpersonal functioning
-Impulse control
Inflexible & pervasive across broad range of personal & social situation
Leads to clinically significant distress/ impairment
DSM 5 approach to classification
Cluster A- Odd/eccentric- highly heritable
oParanoid- distrust, suspicious of others
oSchizoid- detachment from social relationship and restricted range of emotional
expression
oSchizotypal- lack of capacity for close relationships, cognitive distortions and
eccentric behaviour
Cluster B- Dramatic/erratic
oAntisocial- disregard for violation of the rights of others
oBorderline- instability of interpersonal relationships, self- image and affect as
well as marked impulsivity
oHistrionic- excessive emotionally and attention seeking
oNarcissistic – grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy
Cluster C- anxious/fearful
oAvoidant- social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy and hypersensitivity to
negative evaluation
oDependent- excessive need to be taken care of, submissive behaviour and fear of
separation
oObsessive compulsive- preoccupation with order and control
Issues:
-Personality disorders are not stable over time
-Unreliable diagnosis- different clinician opinions
-Highly comorbid
-Lack of test-retest stability
-Potential for gender bias
Alternative DSM 5 model- Domains & Facets
Domain 1- Negative affectivity (vs. emotional stability):
-Anxiousness: worry a lot about terrible thigs tat may happen
-Emotional liability: never know where emotion will go from moment to
moment
-Hostility: nasty and short to people who deserve it
-Perseveration: fixated on certain things and can’t stop
-Separation insecurity: dread being without someone to love them
-Submissiveness: do what others tell them to do
Domain 2- detachment (vs. extraversion)
-Anhedonia: almost never enjoy lie
-Depressivity: future looks really hopeless
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Week 10 personality disorder
-Intimacy avoidance: steer clear of romantic relationships
-Suspiciousness: people are out to get them
-Withdrawal: don’t like spending time with others
-Restricted affectivity- don't react much to things that make others emotional
Domain 3- Antagonism (vs. agreeableness)
-Attention seeking: do things to make people notice them
-Callousness: don’t care about other people’s problems
-Deceitfulness: don't hesitate to cheat
-Grandiosity: self is more important than others
-Manipulativeness: easy to take advantage of others
Domain 4- Disinhibition (vs. conscientiousness)
-Distractibility: don’t concentrate on anything
-Impulsivity: do things on spur of the moment
-Irresponsibility: make promise not intended to keep
-(Lake of) rigid perfectionism: if something isn’t perfect it’s not acceptable
-Risk taking: no limits when it comes to doing dangerous things
Domain 5- Psychoticism
-Eccentricity: other people thing behaviour is weird
-Cognitive perceptual dysregualtion: things feel unreal or more real than
usual
-Unusual beliefs and expectations: can influence other people by sending
thoughts to them
Advantages of focusing on personality traits:
-Clinicians can further specify which traits are of most concern
-Trait ratings more stable over time than personality disorder diagnosis
-Related to many aspects of psychological adjustment and physical outcomes
Cluster A: Paranoid
DSM5 criteria:
Pervasive distrust & suspiciousness of others, motives interpreted as malevolent. Indicated by 4
(or more) of the following:
1.Suspiciousness of being exploited, harmed, deceived
2.Doubts about loyalty /trustworthiness of others
3.Reluctance to confide in others because -suspiciousness
4.Reads hidden meanings into innocuous actions of others
5.Bears grudges for perceived wrongs
6.Angry reactions to perceived attacks on character/reputation
7.Unwarranted suspiciousness of fidelity of partner
Prevalence and gender differences
-4.2% of the clinical population
-2.3-2.4% of the general population
-More frequently diagnosed in males
Comorbidity
-Schizotypal, borderline, avoidant
-Similar diagnostic criteria
Aetiology
-Genetic: more common among relatives of people with schizophrenia
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Week 10 personality disorder
-Psychological: early childhood trauma, faulty perceptions
-Cultural: unique experiences may predispose individual to misinterpret ambiguous
situations
Treatment:
-Mistrust- unlikely to seek help, unless crisis
-Cognitive therapy- limited success
Cluster A: Schizoid
DSM5 criteria:
Pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships, & a restricted range of expressions of
emotion in interpersonal settings. Indicated by 4 (or more) of following:
1.Lack of desire/enjoyment close relationships
2.Almost always chooses solitary activities
3.Little interest in sex
4.Few / no pleasurable activities
5.Lack of friends
6.Indifferent to praise / criticism from others
7.Flat affect, emotional detachment
Compared to paranoid Personality Disorder
-Don’t have unusual thought processes
-Share social isolation, poo rapport, reduced affect
-Social deficiencies similar but more extreme
Prevalence and gender differences
-1.4% of the clinical population
-1.7-4.9% of general population
-More frequently diagnosed in males
Comorbidity
-Schizotypal, avoidant, paranoid
-Similar diagnostic criteria
Aetiology
-Childhood experiences?
-Resembles aspects of autism: Same biological bases?
Treatment
-Taught value of social relationships, empathy, social skills
-Outcome research lacking
Cluster A: Schizotypal
DSM5 criteria:
Pervasive pattern of social & interpersonal deficits –acute discomfort with, & reduced capacity
for close relationships as well as by cognitive, or perceptual distortions & eccentricities. Indicated
by 5 (or more) of the following:
1.Ideas of reference
2.Peculiar beliefs / magical thinking
3.Unusual perceptions
4.Peculiar patterns thought or speech
5.Suspiciousness /paranoia
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
The totality of qualities & traits, as of character or behaviour, that are peculiar to a specific person. Enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, & thinking about the environment & oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social & personal contexts. Enduring pattern of behaviour & inner expereicne that deviated markedly from the expectations of a person"s culture in at least 2 of the following areas: Inflexible & pervasive across broad range of personal & social situation. Cluster a- odd/eccentric- highly heritable: paranoid- distrust, suspicious of others, schizoid- detachment from social relationship and restricted range of emotional expression, schizotypal- lack of capacity for close relationships, cognitive distortions and eccentric behaviour. Cluster c- anxious/fearful: avoidant- social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, dependent- excessive need to be taken care of, submissive behaviour and fear of separation, obsessive compulsive- preoccupation with order and control. Domain 1- negative affectivity (vs. emotional stability):
