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22 Jun

How introduced python 

 

Introduction to Operating Systems

Operating Systems (OS) are:

software that manages computer hardware resources, and provides common services for computer programs. (Wikipedia)

Types of Operating Systems

There are mainly two types of operating systems:

1. Hosted OS: An operating system that operates on a client-server model where the operating system (host) is installed on a server and clients use it to perform tasks. Example: Windows Server, Linux.
2. Standalone OS: An operating system that operates independently on a single computer and is not connected to a network. Example: Windows, Linux, MacOS.

Functions and Goals of Operating Systems

The main functions and goals of an operating system are:

1. Process Management: The operating system manages processes, including creating, scheduling, and synchronizing them.
2. Memory Management: The operating system is responsible for managing the computer's memory, including allocating and deallocating memory as needed.
3. Device Management: The operating system manages all of the computer's devices, including input and output devices.
4. File Management: The operating system manages files, including creating, deleting, and organizing them.
5. Security and Access Control: The operating system provides security and access control to protect the computer and its resources from unauthorized access.

Operating System Structure and Resources

The structure of an operating system consists of:

1. Kernel: The kernel is the core of the operating system and is responsible for managing system resources.
2. Device Drivers: Device drivers are software programs that allow the operating system to communicate with devices.
3. System Libraries: System libraries are collections of pre-written code that can be used by application programs.
4. System Utilities: System utilities are software programs that perform specific tasks, such as managing files, printers, and networks.

Application Programs and User Interface

Operating systems provide a user interface (UI) for users to interact with the operating system, including:

1. Command-line Interface (CLI): A textual interface where users type commands to communicate with the operating system.
2. Graphical User Interface (GUI): A visual interface that allows users to interact with the operating system using icons, menus, and other visual elements.

It is important to note that the design of the user interface can greatly affect the usability and user experience of the operating system.