READ THE ARTICLE IN THE PHOTOS AND ANSWER THESE DISCUSSION QUESTIONS BELOW:

1. According to Beccaria, why is it necrssary for the state to sometkmes punish people?

2. Beccaria assumes that offenders are rational individuals pursuing their self-interest. Do you think this is an accurate view of all or most offenders?

3. Do you think Beccaria would favour death penalty? Why or why not? (He discusses this issue in some detail in his essay on crimes and punishments)

4. Evaluate our current system of punishing offenders, using the criteria for effective punishments listed by Beccaria. In particular, do we satisfy the criteria listed by Beccaria?

5. Beccaria states that the "end of punishment is no other than to prevent the criminal from doing further injury to society." do you agree or do you feel that there are other purposes for punishment? Defend your answer

make sure you answers are at a grade 12 university level

CAN YOU WRITE A REFLECTION BASED ON THE INFORMATION GIVEN??

MY THESIS STATEMENT:

Immanuel Kant’s philosophy of the categorical imperative aligns with peoples beliefs of the most, because it emphasizes the importance of treating people as end rather than means, promoted the idea of universal ethics, and stress is the significance of individual autonomy in decision making.

NEXT PART IS THREE POINT PROOF EXPLANATION:

POINT 1: Immanuel Kant emphasizes the importance of treating people as end, rather than means. For Kant, human beings have inherent value and dignity, and they should never be treated merely as a means to an end, but always as ends in themselves. This means that individuals should be respected and treated with dignity, regardless of their social status, or usefulness to others. According to Kant, using people as mere means to achieve one’s own goals, is not only an ethical also undermines the dignity of human beings.

PROOF: “A human being however, is not a thing, and hence not something that can be used merely as a means, but must in all his actions always be regarded as an end itself.” (Kant, 113)

EXPLANATION: Here, Kant argues that every person has inherent dignity and worse, and should be treated as an end in themselves, rather than merely as a means to an end. This means that we should not use others for our own purposes, or treat them as objects to be manipulated, but rather respect their autonomy, and treat them with respect and dignity.

POINT 2: Immanuel Kant promoted the idea of universal ethics. Kant believed that ethical principles should be universal and applicable to all human beings. He argued that ethical rules are not based on personal preferences or opinions, but are grounded in reason, and rationality.

PROOF: Kant believed, in the principle of universalizability, which he describes as, “Act only according to that maxim through you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.” (Kant, 109)

EXPLANATION: Kant believed that ethical principles should be universal and applicable to all people. He argued that morality is not relative, and that there are fundamental principles that apply to everyone. This proof supports the point that Kant promoted the idea of universal ethics. Kant argues that morality is not relative and that ethical principles should be universal. He believes that there is only one categorical imperative that should guide all moral actions, which is to act in a way you could will to become a universal law.

POINT 3: Immanuel Kant stress is the significance of individual autonomy in decision making. He believed that individuals have a moral duty to act autonomously and to use their own reason and judgment, to make ethical decisions. He believes individual should not simply follow the rules or conventions of society, but should use their own judgement to determine what is morally right or wrong.

PROOF: Kant states, “So act that you use humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, always at the same time as an end, never merely as a means.” (Kant,112)

EXPLANATION: Kant’s  emphasis on individual autonomy, highlights the importance of respecting individuals freedom and independence in the moral decision making. This principle suggest that individual should take responsibility for their actions, and not be unduly influenced by external factors, such as societal norms, or pressure from others. It also implies that individuals have a duty to use their own reason and judgement to make a decision that align with moral principles, rather than blindly, following authority or tradition.

THE CONCLUSION: In conclusion, Immanuel Kant’s philosophy of the categorical imperative is a valuable philosophical framework for guiding moral decision making. It emphasizes how crucial it is to view people as ends rather than means, encourages the concept of universal ethics, and highlights the value of individual autonomy in decision making. These ideas are crucial for creating adjust and equitable society that values the inherent worth and dignity of all individuals.

MY THEMATIC STATEMENT: Kant’s philosophy offers a framework for examining ethical behaviour that is relevant, not only in personal decision making but also and broader social and political contexts. By emphasizing the importance of treating people with respect and promoting universal ethics, Kant challenges us to consider the impact of our actions on others, and to strive for a more just and equitable society.

YOUR JOB IS TO TAKE ALL OF THIS INFORMATION AND CREATE A GOOD AND WELL WORDED REFLECTION. I ALREADY HAVE ALL OF THE INFORMATION FOR YOU TO DO SO. HOWEVER, YOU CAN ADD EXTRA SENTENCES AND EXTRA INFORMATION THAT WILL MAKE IT SOUND BETTER. (DONT JUST TAKE ALL OF THIS INFORMATION AND PUT IT ALL IN ONE, MAKE SURE YOU MAKE GOOD USE OF EXTRA WORDS AND SENTENCES TO MAKE THIS SOUND GREAT FOR AN A+) l

based on your additional research, should police departments employ predictive policing to reduce crime with limited resources? Be sure to carefully defend your response with reasons and consider an objection (which you respond to) before you conclude the argument.

My response: I agree that being a part of the white society is like the concept of invisible privilege that has a familiar simile in that it is analogous to an invisible weightless knapsack. This metaphor emphasizes that white privilege, even though it may not be immediately obvious, has considerable advantages and opportunities that may include a lot of benefits and freedom to life. White people benefit from the structures and institutions in which they live. In the same culture, they were trained to be oblivious to their benefits. The undeserved advantages that were created by white people made people of color feel as if they were being oppressed. It is a norm and dominating racial power to be white in this society. For instance, if a white person comes into a new neighborhood, they are fairly certain that the bulk of their neighbors are the same color as them. A person has no idea of the advantages they have until they put themselves in the shoes of other people of color. Peggy McIntosh said that white advantages don't originate from a fault in a single human or from a single individual using them. It is via an inherent fault in the system that white privilege is created. If we wish to effect systemic change, it must occur inside the system. Systems have a major impact on individual behavior in the social world. We may all do our part to hasten the end. McIntosh maintains that white people may see racism in a different way when something gives them an advantage over others, not because it benefits white people. Systemic oppressions have interactive and internalized characteristics. Teaching racism as an act rather than an overall system that advantages the dominant group makes it difficult for white people to see themselves as racists. Embedded systems can't be eliminated, the recognition of them is important. Change won't come from just being dissatisfied with the system. McIntosh's example offers many benefits for comprehending white privilege. There are many advantages to understanding white privilege as the McIntosh example demonstrates. While it is true that 'whiteness' is simply about skin color, the various definitions of race reveal that it is really much more than that. The fact that McIntosh refers to white advantage rather than non-white disadvantage when framing the discussion of race reinforces the overall idea that race should be seen in terms of advantage rather than disadvantage.

include

1. Introduction

-State thesis and summarize argument

-Define any key terms

2. Main Body

-Argument 1, Argument 2, Argument 3

3. Objection

-Response to objection

4. Conclusion

-Restate thesis/summarize your main arguments