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28 Oct 2020

11. Suppose that the government allows firms to emit carbon dioxide and pollute the air as long as the firms pay the government $90 per ton of sulfur dioxide emitted. This approach to handling pollution is an example of

a. the Coase theorem.

b. an emission charge.

c. a marketable permit.

d. None of the above answers are correct.

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Raushan Raj
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28 Oct 2020

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Related questions

1. In a competitive market, a free-market approach is always best when an external cost is present. True or false?

2. When externalities are present in a market, the social surplus is maximized. True or false?

3. The Clean Air Act of 1990:

a. established a tradable allowances program for sulfur dioxide.

b. is an application of the Coase theorem.

c. All of the answers are correct.

d. allows firms to profit by selling their unused pollution allowances

 

 

Consider two firms that produce energy drinks and have factories located next to the Hudson river. Each firm pollutes 50 tons of chemicals into the river per day. The government decides to reduce the pollution by allocating each firm 40 tradeable permits. Each permit allows a firm to pollute 1 ton of chemical into the river per day. Note that Firm A can abate its pollution for $50 per ton and Firm B can abate its pollution for $100 per ton.

1 which of the following statements is correct:

a. The price of the tradeable permit will be greater than $100.

b. The price of the tradeable permit will be less than $50.

c. Firm A will be better off if it sells permits to Firm B.

d. Firm B will be better off if it sells its permits to Firm A.

2 suppose instead of issuing the permits the government decides to pass a regulation that only allows each firm to pollute 40 tons of chemicals into the Hudson river per day. This regulation would:

a. Result in a more efficient outcome than issuing permits.

b. Result in a less efficient outcome than issuing permits.

c. Result in the same outcome as issuing permits.

d. None of the above are necessarily true.

7. Correcting for negative externalities - Regulation versus tradable permits Suppose the government wants to reduce the total pollution emitted by three local firms. Currently, each firm is creating 4 units of pollution in the area, for a total of 12 pollution units. If the government wants to reduce total pollution in the area to 6 units, it can choose between the following two methods: Available Methods to Reduce Pollution 1. The government sets pollution standards using regulation. 2. The government allocates tradable pollution permits. Each firm faces different costs, so reducing pollution is more difficult for some firms than others. The following table shows the cost each firm faces to eliminate each unit of pollution. For each firm, assume that the cost of reducing pollution to zero (that is, eliminating all 4 units of pollution) is prohibitively expensive. Firm Cost of Eliminating the . . . First Unit of Pollution Second Unit of Pollution Third Unit of Pollution (Dollars) (Dollars) (Dollars) Firm X 80 130 210 Firm Y 550 700 1,075 Firm Z 75 90 130 Now, imagine that two government employees propose alternative plans for reducing pollution by 6 units. Method 1: Regulation The first government employee suggests to limit pollution through regulation. To meet the pollution goal, the government requires each firm to reduce its pollution by 2 units. Complete the following table with the total cost to each firm of reducing its pollution by 2 units. Firm Total Cost of Eliminating Two Units of Pollution (Dollars) Firm X Firm Y Firm Z Method 2: Tradable Permits Meanwhile, the other employee proposes using a different strategy to achieve the government’s goal of reducing pollution in the area from 12 units to 6 units. He suggests that the government issue two pollution permits to each firm. For each permit a firm has in its possession, it can emit 1 unit of pollution. Firms are free to trade pollution permits with one another (that is, buy and sell them) as long as both firms can agree on a price. For example, if firm X agrees to sell a permit to firm Y at an agreed-upon price, then firm Y would end up with three permits and would need to reduce its pollution by only 1 unit, while firm X would end up with only one permit and would have to reduce its pollution by 3 units. Assume the negotiation and exchange of permits are costless. Because firm Y has high pollution-reduction costs, it thinks it might be better off buying a permit from firm Z and a permit from firm X, so that it doesn't have to reduce its own pollution emissions. At which of the following prices are both firm Z and firm X willing to sell one of their permits to firm Y ? Check all that apply. $124 $166 $200 $364 $475 Suppose the owners of the three firms get together and agree on a trading price of $147 per permit. Complete the following table with the action each firm will take at this permit price, the amount of pollution each firm will eliminate, and the amount it costs each firm to reduce pollution to the necessary level. If a firm purchases two permits, assume that it buys one permit from each of the other firms. (Hint: Do not include the prices paid for permits in the cost of reducing pollution.) Firm Initial Pollution Permit Allocation Action Final Amount of Pollution Eliminated Cost of Pollution Reduction (Units of pollution) (Units of pollution) (Dollars) Firm X 2 Firm Y 2 Firm Z 2 Regulation Versus Tradable Permits Determine the total cost of eliminating six units of pollution using both methods, and enter the amounts in the following table. (Hint: You might need to get information from previous tasks to complete this table.) Proposed Method Total Cost of Eliminating Six Units of Pollution (Dollars) Regulation Tradable Permits In this case, you can conclude that eliminating pollution is costly to society when the government regulates each firm to eliminate a certain amount of pollution than when it allocates pollution permits that can be bought and sold.

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