11. Command-and-control regulation is inflexible. It means:
a. it usually requires the same standard for all polluters, and often the same pollution-control technology as well.
b. it draws no distinctions between firms that would find it easy and inexpensive to meet the pollution standard and firms that might find it difficult and costly to meet the standard.
c. firms have no reason to rethink their production methods in fundamental ways that might reduce pollution even more and at a lower cost.
d. all of the above
11. Command-and-control regulation is inflexible. It means:
a. it usually requires the same standard for all polluters, and often the same pollution-control technology as well.
b. it draws no distinctions between firms that would find it easy and inexpensive to meet the pollution standard and firms that might find it difficult and costly to meet the standard.
c. firms have no reason to rethink their production methods in fundamental ways that might reduce pollution even more and at a lower cost.
d. all of the above
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Related questions
Suppose the government wants to reduce the total pollution emitted by three local firms. Currently, each firm is creating 4 units of pollution in the area, for a total of 12 pollution units. If the government wants to reduce total pollution in the area to 6 units, it can choose between the following two methods:
| Available Methods to Reduce Pollution | |
| 1. | The government sets pollution standards using the regulation. |
| 2. | The government allocates tradable pollution permits. |
Each firm faces different costs, so reducing pollution is more difficult for some firms than others. The following table shows the cost each firm faces to eliminate each unit of pollution. For each firm, assume that the cost of reducing pollution to zero (that is, eliminating all 4 units of pollution) is prohibitively expensive.
| Firm |
Cost of Eliminating the... |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| First Unit of Pollution | Second Unit of Pollution | Third Unit of Pollution | |
| (Dollars) | (Dollars) | (Dollars) | |
| Firm X | 80 | 100 | 150 |
| Firm Y | 450 | 800 | 1,050 |
| Firm Z | 95 | 120 | 200 |
Now, imagine that two government employees proposed alternative plans for reducing pollution by 6 units.
Method 1: Regulation
The first government employee suggests limiting pollution through regulation. To meet the pollution goal, the government requires each firm to reduce its pollution by 2 units.
Complete the following table with the total cost to each firm of reducing its pollution by 2 units.
| Firm | Total Cost of Eliminating Two Units of Pollution |
|---|---|
| (Dollars) | |
| Firm X | ? |
| Firm Y | ? |
| Firm Z | ? |
Method 2: Tradable Permits
Meanwhile, the other employee proposes using a different strategy to achieve the government's goal of reducing pollution in the area from 12 units to 6 units. This employee suggests that the government issue two pollution permits to each firm. For each permit a firm has in its possession, it can emit 1 unit of pollution. Firms are free to trade pollution permits with one another (that is, buy and sell them) as long as both firms can agree on a price. For example, if firm X agrees to sell a permit to firm Y at an agreed-upon price, then firm Y would end up with three permits and would need to reduce its pollution by only 1 unit while firm X would end up with only one permit and would have to reduce its pollution by 3 units. Assume the negotiation and exchange of permits are costless.
Because firm Y has high pollution-reduction costs, it thinks it might be better off buying a permit from firm X and a permit from firm Z so that it doesn't have to reduce its own pollution emissions. At which of the following prices are both firm X and firm Z willing to sell one of their permits to firm Y? Check all that apply.
$102
$164
$179
$410
$708
Suppose the government has set the trading price of a permit at $182 per permit.
Complete the following table with the action each firm will take at this permit price, the amount of pollution each firm will eliminate, and the amount it costs each firm to reduce pollution to the necessary level. If a firm is willing to buy two permits, assume that it buys one permit from each of the other firms. (Hint: Do not include the prices paid for permits in the cost of reducing pollution.)
| Firm | Initial Pollution Permit Allocation | Action | Final Amount of Pollution Eliminated | Cost of Pollution Reduction |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Units of pollution) | (Units of pollution) | (Dollars) | ||
| Firm X | 2 | ? | ? | ? |
| Firm Y | 2 | ? | ? | ? |
| Firm Z | 2 | ? | ? | ? |
Regulation Versus Tradable Permits
Determine the total cost of eliminating six units of pollution using both methods, and enter the amounts in the following table. (Hint: You might need to get information from previous tasks to complete this table.)
| Proposed Method | Total Cost of Eliminating Six Units of Pollution |
|---|---|
| (Dollars) | |
| Regulation | ? |
| Tradable Permits | ? |
In this case, you can conclude that eliminating pollution is more/less costly to society when the government distributes tradable permits than when it regulates each firm to eliminate a certain amount of pollution.
