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Based on the diagram shown below, why does calcium need to be ionized twice?

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General Chemistry 1
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Solve problems relating to the Born-Haber Cycle
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Greg Montoya
Greg MontoyaLv10
17 Jan 2021

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Related questions

Find to three significant digits the charge and the mass of the following particles. Suggestion: Begin by looking up the mass of a neutral atom on the periodic table of the elements in Appendix C.

(a) an ionized hydrogen atom, represented as  

(b) a singly ionized sodium atom,  

(c) a chloride ion,  

(d) a double ionized calcium atom,  

(e) the center of an ammonia molecule, modeled as an ion

(f) quadruply ionized nitrogen atoms, , found in plasma in a hot star

(g) the nucleus of a nitrogen atom

(h) the molecular ion  

Find to three significant digits the charge and the mass of the following particles. Suggestion: Begin by looking up the mass of a neutral atom on the periodic table of the elements in Appendix C.

(a) an ionized hydrogen atom represented as H+

(b) a singly ionized sodium atom, Na+

(c) a chloride ion Cl-

(d) a doubly ionized calcium atom, Ca++=Ca2+

(e) the center of an ammonia molecule, modeled as an N3- ion

(f) quadruply ionized nitrogen atoms, N4+, found in plasma in a hot star

(g) the nucleus of a nitrogen atom

(h) the molecular ion H2O-

The ionization of p-nitrophenol is shown below (pKa = 7.0)

a.(4 points)At pH 7, what are the relative concentrations of ionized and un-ionized p-nitrophenol?

b.(4 points)If enough concentrated hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of p-nitrophenol to lower the pH from 7 to 5, what will happen to the relative concentrations of the ionized and un-ionized forms?

c.(4 points) Ionized p-nitrophenol has a yellow color, while the un-ionized form is colorless. The yellow color can be measured using a spectrophotometer at 400nm. In order to determine the total amount of p-nitrophenol in a solution, would you perform the spectrophotometer reading at an acidic or basic pH? Clearly explain why?

d.(8 points) A solution of p-nitrophenol at pH 8.45 was found to have an A400 of 0.370 . What is the total concentration (in µM) of p-nitrophenol (ionized plus un-ionized) in the solution? The molar extinction coefficient of p-nitrophenol is 17,500 M-1cm-1 and the pKa is 7.

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