Fill in the blank.

Fatty acids ___. A)can be branched or unbranched. B) are referred to as âsaturatedâ if they have one or more CâC double bonds. C) are highly oxidized storage forms of hydrocarbons. D) by definition, never exceed 20 carbons in length.

Triacylglycerols _. A) always have at least one fatty acid with a trans double bond. B)consist of glycerol and three different fatty acids. C) are a major energy storage form. D) consist of glycerol and three identical fatty acids.

Mass spectrometry _____. A)can be used to identify individual lipids in complex mixtures. B)cannot be used with lipids other than fatty acids. C)can determine the mass but not the identity of a lipid. D) cannot determine the locations of double bonds in a fatty acid.

Which statement is true? A) Prostaglandins are found only in the prostate gland. B) Vitamin E is a hormone precursor. C) Vitamin D regulates milk production in mammary glands. D) Membrane sphingolipids can be used to produce intracellular messengers.

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64. Which of these statements about fatty acids are false? A. The physical state of a triglyceride with three unsaturated fatty acid tails would be a clear liquid. B. Complex lipids that contain mainly unsaturated fatty acids are liquids (oils) at room temperature C. Its best to use fats with high melting points in our diet. D. A disadvantage of the ability of saturated fats to pack tightly is that tightly packed, saturated fats clog arteries as atherosclerosis 65. Trans fatty acids A. are formed when vegetable oil is hydrogenated (for solidification). B. are found in fried foods C. have an atypical shape that affects their chemical activity D. are not flexible and can adhere to surfaces E. should be avoided because they are composed of partially hydrogenated (partially hardened) oils F. are all of the above 66 Which of these statements about fatty acids are false? A. When plants and animals build fatty acids they make the trans forms. B. Food manufacturers found that foods like chips with the trans form have a longer "shelf life" C Natural cis fatty acids tend to turn rancid and spoil D Although natural cis fatty acids turn rancid and spoil, it is the cis form that is used by the body. E.The process of hydrogenation, in which hydrogens are added to unsaturated fats, produces a mixture of saturated fatty acids and standard and trans forms of unsaturated fatty acids 67. Good tips for reducing dietary fats are to A. use non-fat or low-fat dairy products and other products B use low-fat cooking methods C bake, roast, steam, broil, stir fry, microwave D. seldom have fried foods E choose lean cuts of meat, trim fat F. do all the above 68. Which of these statements about the properties of fatty acids are true? A. Melting point of all fatty acids increases with increasing hydrocarbon chain length (i.e increasing size) B cis double bonds prevent good alignment of molecules in unsaturated fatty acids leading to C Melting point of unsaturated fatty acid are lower than that of a saturated fatty acid with the D. The melting point of a saturated fatty acid is greater than that of an unsaturated fatty acid of poor packing same number of carbon atoms due to the presence of their double bonds the same chain length, because saturated fatty acid chains tend to be fully extended and to stack in a regular structure, thereby causing increased intermolecular attraction. E. all of the above 69. Freebie 70 Freebie

18. Circle the fatty acid in each pair that has the higher melting temperature.
(a) 18:1â9 vs 18:2â9,12
(b) 18:0 vs 18:1â9
(c) 18:0 vs 16:0
19. Categorize each of the following as an aldose, a ketose, or neither.
H H H H H
HOH OHOH HOHO
O HOH HOH HOH HOH HOH HOH HOHO HH
H H H H H
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

20. What is the most significant chemical difference between triacylglycerols and glycerophospholipids that leads to their different functions?

21. What is the effect of a double bond on the fatty acid structure?

22. (a) When relatively high concentrations of fatty acids are suspended in water, they form structures known as ________. (b) When relatively high concentrations of membrane phospholipids are dissolved in water, they form structures known as ________. (c) Why are the structures listed in your answers to (a) and (b) above energetically favored?

23. What is the role of cholesterol in terms of membrane fluidity?

24. There are two reactions in glycolysis which involve the isomerization of an aldose to a ketose or vice-versa. What enzymes catalyze those two reactions?

25. The simple sugar that is used as the reference for naming D and L states of sugars is:

26. Draw D-glucose and a C-3 epimer of D-glucose.

27. Draw the cyclic forms of D-glucose and indicate the anomeric carbon with a *. Name the forms.

28. Describe the structure of starch. Include the identity of its subunits and the details of the bonds between them.

29. Why can humans not use cellulose as a nutrient?

30. Circle the following fatty acid that would have the lowest melting point. Put a square box around the fatty acid that is unlikely to be a natural product. Lastly, Name the fatty acid that you have not Circled or Boxed.

31. In cells, fatty acids are stored as triacylglycerols for energy reserves. Draw the molecule that fatty acids react with to form these energy storage molecules.

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