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12 Dec 2019

(show all your works and make sure that you answer all questions from part a to part d. Sorry for long questions, but I will give thanks to anyone who help me answer all questions from part a to part d)

a. write a balanced nuclear equation for the alpha decay of each of the following radioactive isotopes: curium-243, bohrium-261

b. what happens to the atomic number of an atom that undergoes electron capture

c, what happens to the atomic mass of an atom that undergoes electron capture

d. what happens within the nucleus of an atom that undergoes electron capture

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(show all your works and please do all questions from part a to part b. Sorry for long questions, but I will thanks to anyone who can help me all questions from part a to part b )

a.complete the following tabe for 5 modes of radioactive decay:

decay name	symbol used	what is ejected from nucleus	what change occurs in the nucleus
alpha
beta
position
gamma
electron capture

b. identify all 4(Z,A,Sy, and C)parts of code used to identify a nuclide: _Z^ASy^C

Nuclear Decay Equations

Learning Goal:

To predict the products of alpha emission, beta emission, positron emission, and electron capture.

Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of radiation from an unstable nucleus. There are five major types of radioactive decay:

Alpha (Î±) radiation consists of helium nuclei. The helium nucleus is a small particle containing two protons and two neutrons (42He).

Beta (Î²) radiation consists of electrons. In nuclear equations, the standard format for representing a beta particle using superscripts and subscripts is 0â1e.

Positron emission results from the conversion of a proton in the nucleus to a neutron. The ejected positron is a particle that has the same mass as an electron but an opposite charge. In nuclear equations, the standard format for representing a positron using superscripts and subscripts is 01e .

Electron capture is the capture of an inner shell electron by a proton in the nucleus. The process emits gamma (Î³) radiation and results in a proton converting to a neutron. Gamma radiation consists of high-energy electromagnetic radiation.

Gamma (Î³) radiation consists of high-energy radiation, and contains no particles and thus they have no mass. In nuclear equations, the standard format for representing gamma radiation using superscripts and subscripts is 00Î³.

Balancing a decay equation

There are two main rules to remember when balancing nuclear equations:

The total of the superscripts in the reactants and products must be the same.

The total of the subscripts in the reactants and products must be the same.

For an isotope of an element, the superscripts are mass numbers, and the subcripts are atomic numbers:

Mass number â¶ AAtomic number â¶ Z X âµ Chemical symbol

Where the mass number (A) is the sum of the number of proton and number of neutrons in the nucleus, atomic number (Z) is the number of protons in the nucleus, and chemical symbol (X) is the symbol of the specific element.

Part A

Identify the nuclide produced when americium-241 decays by alpha emission:

241 95Amâ42He + ?

Express your answer as an isotope using prescripts.

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Part B

Identify the nuclide produced when phosphorus-32 decays by beta emission:

3215Pâ 0â1e + ?

Express your answer as an isotope using prescripts.

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Part C

Identify the nuclide produced when fluorine-18 decays by positron emission:

18 9Fâ01e + ?

Express your answer as an isotope using prescripts.

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Part D

Identify the nuclide produced when thallium-201 decays by electron capture:

201 81Tl+ 0â1eâ00Î³ + ?

Express your answer as an isotope using prescripts.

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The two most common isotopes of uranium are ²³⁵U and ²³⁸U. (a) Compare the number of protons, the number of electrons, and the number of neutrons in atoms of these two isotopes. (b) Using the periodic table in the front-inside cover, write the electron configuration for a U atom. (c) Compare your answer to part (b) to the electron configuration given in Figure 6.30. How can you explain any differences between these two electron configurations? (d) ²³⁸U undergoes radioactive decay to ²³⁴Th. How many protons, electrons, and neutrons are gained or lost by the ²³⁸U atom during this process? (e) Examine the electron configuration for Th in Figure 6.31. Are you surprised by what you find? Explain.