The typical concentration of glucose in the blood after a pancake breakfast is . The concentration of glucose within cells is estimated to be about .

A) Calculate the concentration of glucose in the blood (1 pt).

B) Calculate the Gibbs free energy, ∆G, available for the transport of glucose into cells using these concentrations. Assume . (3 pts)

C) Is the transport of glucose into the cell spontaneous? Why (or why not)? (1 pt)

D) Based on your answer to (C), would a pancreatic cell release insulin? (1 pt)

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greysalmon406Lv1

2 Jun 2021

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The following questions are related to glucose and its transport into cells.
A. Why do cells need a protein to transport glucose across the cell membrane? i.e.could glucose simply diffuse across the lipid bilayer? (1 point)

B. Even after glucose is transported into the cell, there is effectively no increase in intracellular glucose concentration. This can be attributed to the action of hexokinase, the first enzyme in the glycolytic pathway. Explain. (2 points)

C. GLUT1 is a glucose transporter found in many cells. It facilitates the movement of glucose down its concentration gradient. GLUT1 has a lower KM for glucose (~1 mM) than its family member GLUT2 (~15mM). Except during starvation, the brain uses glucose as its sole metabolic fuel and consumes ~40% of the glucose circulating in the body. Which of the two, GLUT1 or GLUT2, would you expect to find in brain tissue? Explain. (2 points)

In respiration, air is inhaled into the lungs, which provide a large surface area for transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water to or from the blood. The transported oxygen is delivered to body cells where it oxidizes glucose and fats from food to produce carbon dioxide, water, and thermal energy. The carbon dioxide and water are transported from the cells to the blood and back to the lungs, from which they are exhaled. The exhaled gas is at body temperature and saturated with water, some produced in the glucose and fat oxidation and some additionally drawn from moist lung tissue. Other water-containing streamsâ food, water, perspiration, and excreted waste streamsâmaintain the bodyâs level of hydration.

Suppose an individual inhales air at 20Â°C and 20% relative humidity, and 25% of the inhaled oxygen is consumed in the glucose oxidation reaction. (Under certain conditions, it is reasonable to neglect the oxidation of fats.) A flowchart of the respirationâmetabolism process is shown below. The water in the exhaled gas equals the inhaled water plus the water produced by glucose oxidation plus additional water drawn from the lungs. Qm represents only the heat transferred to or from the body as a consequence of the phenomena just described; not shown are heat and work transferred due to other bodily processes.

(a) Assume a basis of 1 mol bone-dry air (plus the water that goes with it) inhaled at 20Â°C. Draw and fully label a flowchart of the metabolic process, considering only breathing and glucose oxidation as components of the process. You donât need to label the streams between the two units, since this problem will not require determining their masses or compositions. Do a degree-of-freedom analysis of the overall system.

(b) Suppose all of the water and CO2 produced from the glucose oxidation are transported to the lungs and exhaled, and calculate the masses of all components of all labeled streams.

(c) If the individual inhales an average of 500 mL of air per breath and takes 12 breaths per minute, how much water (fluid ounces) must she drink per day to make up for the water she loses by breathing?

(d) Returning to the original basis, estimate the heat (kJ) transferred to or from the body as a consequence of breathing and glucose oxidation, assuming that the glucose is oxidized at 37Â°C and at that temperature ÎHc= -2816 kJ/mol: