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In viewing how to restate financial statements, there are twomajor processes. The first is known as translation and the secondis known as remeasurement. You will look at these two processes asyou answer the following questions:

What is the translation method and when is it used?

What is the remeasurement process and when is it used?

Which is the most common in today’s business practices and whichdo you prefer?

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Bunny Greenfelder
Bunny GreenfelderLv2
28 Sep 2019

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Please read and share your thoughts on this recent brief article from the Journal of Accountancy on accountant skills needed for success in a tech-enabled future. Do you agree? Can you think of other skills that future accountants will need?

JOFA Article: (https://www.journalofaccountancy.com/issues/2018/jun/technology-skills-for-accountants.html)

"Many experts expect accountants' work and duties to change fundamentally in the coming years. As technology is developed to handle tasks that accountants traditionally have performed, CPAs' attention is likely to shift toward advisory roles, investigating exceptions and anomalies identified by technology, and developing processes and controls that will enable technology to perform certain necessary tasks. The technology will allow for a more complete audit that uses all available data rather than samples. And the scrutinizing of anomalies will provide opportunities for auditors to provide more useful information to clients.

Here are some of the skills CPAs will need to succeed in these new duties:

Understand how processes work. Even the most well-designed technological solutions are useless if they are not set up properly and monitored to determine whether they are performing effectively. Advising and consulting on business process improvements also will be a promising niche for CPAs in the future.

Communicate effectively with technologists. Successful CPAs who understand processes likely will not have the technological skills to code and implement systems. Technology experts, meanwhile, are unlikely to understand accounting and auditing rules and the deliverables required from systems. CPAs will need to be able to team with technologists and describe the decision trees that must be embedded in the technology to process the correct data and deliver the desired intelligence.

Learn to advise or consult, not command. Accountants are used to providing rule-based, definitive answers about making appropriate journal entries, information to be included in footnotes, and whether financial statements are materially misstated. But as accountants take on more advisory and consulting duties, they will need to learn how to provide opinions and advocate for their ideas without being overbearing.

Analyze data and communicate with clients. As technology results in the automation of more compliance-based services, accountants will have more time to spend with clients. To make the most of this time, accountants will need to learn how to analyze data for business insights and then be able to communicate those insights to clients."

Paul and Elder (2009) have defined critical thinking as: the art of analyzing and evaluating thinking with a view to improving it. The authors describe eight Elements of Thought involved in critical thinking:

Purpose (all reasoning has a purpose – goals, objectives)

Question at issue

Assumptions (presuppositions, axioms, line of reasoning, information taken for granted)

Point of View

Information (data, evidence)

Concepts and Theories

Interpretation and Inference (conclusions, solutions)

Implications and Consequences

When defining a subject, Nosich (2012) believes it starts with a “fundamental and powerful concept”.

The fundamental and powerful concept of Auditing is “Investigation”.

Auditing involves an analysis (or an “investigation”) of the financial statements in order to issue an opinion of whether they are presented fairly in accordance with appropriate standards.

Required: In several paragraphs, answer the following questions.

“Internal Controls” are discussed throughout the Auditing course. We will examine various methods of “investigating” internal controls in order to understand the important role that they play in the Auditing process. Even though it is the very beginning of the course, it is important that you start to form your own definition of internal control. Answer the questions in the prompts below to help you define and describe internal control:

The assumptions of internal control are that in order for a business process to be effective, there must be separation of duties among authorization, custody and recording of transactions. How are those controls put in place in the Sales / Accounts receivable process? To answer this question, discuss how each of those components occurs in each of the following areas (rely on your own experience as a customer and/or the rules of accounting that you already know about how a sales / accounts receivable transaction is supposed to work):

The sale

Shipping

Billing

Collection

As the auditor, how would you determine whether the process is working correctly?

What actions or events would occur if you assume the process is working correctly when it is not?

What actions or events would occur if you assume the process is not working correctly when it is actually doing so?

Chapter 1 Financial Accounting and Accounting Standards

Other means of financial reporting that are not financialstatements include the president’s letter or supplementaryschedules in the corporate annual report, prospectuses, reportsfiled with government agencies, news releases, managementforecasts, and social or environmental impact statements.

a) The objectives of Financial Reporting The objective:

The objective is to prepare financial information that is usefulto present and potential equity investors, lenders and otherstakeholders in taking decision

b) General-purpose financialstatements_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

c) Entity perspective____________________________________________________________________

d)Provide decision-useful_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

e) The accounting profession has developed a set of standardsand procedures called _________________________________________________________

LO 1.2 Identify the major policy-setting bodies and their rolein the standard-setting process.

Three organizations: Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC):______________________________

American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA):_______________________________________________________________

Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB):____________________________

The federal government established the SEC to help develop andstandardize financial information presented to stockholders. Mostcompanies that issue securities to the public or are listed on astock exchange are required to file audited financial statementswith the SEC._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Under the direction of the SEC the__________________________________ was created by the AICPA in_______. It was the first private sector organization that had thetask of setting accounting standards in the United States.

 ___________________________________________________ thatnarrowed the wide range of alternative accounting practices then inexistence.

In _______. the __________________________________ was formed tomeet the demand for more structured accounting standards. The APBissued pronouncements on accounting principles until _______. thepronouncements where known as _________________, when it wasreplaced by the __________________________________ .WheatCommittee’s recommendations resulted in creation of FASB. The FASBrepresents the current rule-making body within the accountingprofession. The mission of the FASB is to establish and improvestandards of financial accounting and reporting for the guidanceand education of the public, which includes issuers, auditors, andusers of financial information.

The FASB differs from the predecessor APB in the following ways:a. __________________________________ b.__________________________________ c.__________________________________ d.__________________________________ e.__________________________________

In 1984, the FASB created the __________________________________.The purpose of the Task Force is to reach a consensus on how toaccount for new and unusual financial transactions that have thepotential for creating differing financial reporting practices.

The FASB issues two major types of pronouncements:

a. When the FASB issues a new standard it is refers as_________________________________to communicate changes to the FASBCodification. They are considered GAAP and must be followed inpractice. o How the FASB has changed US GAAP, including eachspecific amendment to the FASB Codification o Why the FASB decidedto change US GAAP and background information related to the changeo When the changes will be effective and the transition method.

b. __________________________________ The SFACs represent anattempt to move away from the problem-by-problem approach tostandard setting that has been characteristic of the accountingprofession. The Concept Statements are intended to form a cohesiveset of interrelated concepts, a conceptual framework that willserve as tools for solving existing and emerging problems in aconsistent manner. Unlike FASB statements, the Concept Statementsdo not establish GAAP.

Prior to 2009 the FASB issued several type of pronouncementswhich had different levels of authority. The type of pronouncementsare listed in descending order of relative weight of authority theyhad within GAAP

 __________________________________

 ______________ : these pronouncements refined GAAP byclarifying conflicting or unclear issues relating to previouslyissued standards

 ______________ FASB staff issued pronouncements to providemore timely and consistent application guidance and to make narrowand limited revision of standards.

 ______________: FASB staff issue these pronouncements toclarify and explain, or elaborate on accounting and reportingproblems.

 __________________________________

The FASB board members were CPAs. GAAP The FASB developed theFinancial Accounting Standards Board Accounting StandardsCodification _____________________________ to provide in one placeall the authoritative literature related to a particulartopic._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Major sources of GAAP:  _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________

Most countries have recognized the need for more globalstandards. _____________________________________________ and U.S.rule-making bodies are working together to reconcile U.S. GAAP withthe IASB _________________________________________

Major challenges in the financial reporting environment. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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