GEOGRAPHY Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Solar Wind, Ionosphere, Radio Wave

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23 May 2023

School

University of Delhi - DU

Department

Geography

Course

GEOGRAPHY

Professor

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Document Summary

Climatology is defined as the average state of the atmosphere, and it relies heavily on variables like temperature and precipitation. However, there are many other variables that are also used in climatology. This field of study is highly significant for human beings and is often included in civil services and university exams. The climate system is a geophysical system that includes physical, geological, and geomorphological (or geographical) components. The concept of scales is important in understanding the distribution of phenomena in space. There are five levels of scales: micro, local, meso, synoptic, and planetary. These scales are crucial in climatology for observing phenomena across the atmosphere and biosphere. Climatology as a science emerged in the 17th century due to various inventions and discoveries. The study of weather and climate outside of. Europe began during the age of discovery, leading to the discovery of new areas and weather phenomena, which contributed to the dynamic nature of climatology.

Related Questions

1. Ecosystems that convert solar energy to biomass rapidly are said to have low primary productivity.

(a) True

(b) False

2. How do the definitions of the words weather and climate differ from one another?

(a) Whether is a local phenomenon, climate is region.

(b) Whether is a day-to-day phenomenon, climate is a long-term average.

(d) Whether is no difference between the two.

3. Which of the following does not contribute to acidity deposition?

(a) NOx

(b) sulfur dioxide

(d) coal-burning

(e) ozone

plumbadger309

if the ocean climate were no changing, the heat fluxes into and out of the ocean would be equal. let's suppose that these fluxes are slightly out of balance and that of the 342 W/m^2 (1Watt= 1Joule/s) that reaches the upper atmosphere 4 W/m^2 contributes to warming the oceans. if a heat flux of 4 W/m^2 covered the 3.75x10^16 m^2 ocean surface and contributed only to a change in temperature, how many years would it take to raise the average temperature of the oceans 2 degrees C

3. 3 Stratosphere-troposphere exchange

The rate of exchange of air between the troposphere and thestratosphere is critical for determining the potential of variouspollutants emitted from the surface to reach the stratosphere andaffect the stratospheric ozone layer. One of the first estimates ofthis rate was made in the 1960s using measurements of strontium-90(90Sr) in the stratosphere. Strontium-90 is a radioactive isotope(half-life 28 years) produced in nuclear explosions. It has nonatural sources. Large amounts of 90Sr were injected into thestratosphere in the 1950s by above-ground nuclear tests. Thesetests were banned by international treaty in 1962. Following thetest ban the stratospheric concentrations of 90Sr began to decreaseas 90Sr was transferred to the troposphere. In the troposphere,90Sr is removed by wet deposition with a lifetime of 10 days (bycontrast there is no rain, and hence no wet deposition, in thestratosphere). An intensive stratospheric measurement network wasoperated in the 1960s to monitor the decay of 90Sr in thestratosphere. We interpret these observations here using a 2-boxmodel for stratosphere-troposphere exchange with transfer rateconstants kTS and kST (yr-1) between the tropospheric andstratospheric reservoirs. The reservoirs are assumed to beindividually well-mixed.

Let mS and mT represent the masses of 90Sr in the stratosphere andin the troposphere respectively. Observations of the decrease inthe stratospheric inventory for the period 1963-1967 can be fittedto an exponential mS(t) = mS(0)exp(-kt) where k = 0.77 yr-1.

1. Write mass balance equations for mS and mT in the 1963-1967period.

2. Assuming that transfer of 90Sr from the troposphere to thestratosphere is negligible (we will verify this assumption later),show that the residence time of air in the stratosphere is tS =1/kST = 1.3 years.

3. Let m'T and m'S represent the total masses of air in thetroposphere and the stratosphere, respectively. Show that theresidence time of air in the troposphere is tT = tS (m'T/m'S) = 7.4years. Conclude as to the validity of your assumption in question2.

4. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) have been adopted asreplacement products for the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which werebanned by the Montreal protocol because of their harmful effect onthe ozone layer. In contrast to the CFCs, the HCFCs can be oxidizedin the troposphere, and the oxidation products washed out byprecipitation, so that most of the HCFCs do not penetrate into thestratosphere to destroy ozone. Two common HCFCs have trade namesHCFC-123 and HCFC-124; their lifetimes against oxidation in thetroposphere are 1.4 years and 5.9 years, respectively. There are noother sinks for these species in the troposphere. Using our 2-boxmodel, determine what fractions of the emitted HCFC-123 andHCFC-124 penetrate the stratosphere.

GEOGRAPHY Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Solar Wind, Ionosphere, Radio Wave

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