U12A2MA Lecture Notes - Synfig, Graphic Design, Ffmpeg

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colac6575

15 May 2023

School

Ganpat University

Department

Engineering

Course

U12A2MA

Professor

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Document Summary

Write steps to move circle from top to bottom in animation (synfig studio). Take rectangle with the help of rectangle tool, set color property as per requirement. Take small circle and fill up the color with the help of foreground color using palette. Set the time bar frames as per requirement (49 f) Enable the animated editing mode from zero end time. Move the circle from source place to destination place and stop the animated editing mode. Finally we need to render our work, render means computer apply various algorithm to apply the final effects you have specified on the object created. You can save the animated file as a gif or you can show in preview. Describe the animation package (synfig studio) toolbox in details. Synfig studio is a time based multimedia authoring tool that falls in the category of open source.

Related Questions

Merck Vioxx

In the late 90’s a leading pharmaceutical manufacturer Merck had been working on a treatment for osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and other conditions associated with pain (Prakash S, Velentine V. 2007). Merck’s solution to this health issue came in the form of Vioxx, showing promising therapeutic effects with minimal and reduced side effects associated with competitors (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2017). 1998 saw the submission by Merck for approval by the FDA for vioxx after being tested on 5400 subjects in 8 separate studies (Prakash S, Velentine V. 2007). Come 1999 another study was conducted in order to compare the drug to a popular competitor known as naproxen in which, 8000 participants were observed (Prakash S, Velentine V. 2007). Half of the participants took vioxx and the other naproxen (Prakash S, Velentine V. 2007). By the end of the year the results of the study were compiled among the Vioxx Gastrointestinal Outcomes Research study AKA Vigor where vioxx showed far fewer ulcers and intestinal bleeding than those taking naproxen (Prakash S, Velentine V. 2007). A second meeting however was focused on heart problems where 79 patients of the 4000 taking vioxx were found to have a serious event compare too 41 of 4000 taking naproxen (Prakash S, Velentine V. 2007). These figures were deemed as comparatively small and to be re-evaluated in 30 days (Prakash S, Velentine V. 2007). VIGOR re convened and were notified that vioxx patients were twice as likely to have serious heart problems and or death than those of naproxen (Prakash S, Velentine V. 2007). A vote was successfully held to continue the study under the defense of not knowing if vioxx caused the heart problems or if the patients taking naproxen was acting as a low dose aspririn and protecting patients from them (Prakash S, Velentine V. 2007).

Many pharmaceutical studies are conducted using a placebo in their control group whereas here Merck decided to use naproxen. The reason placebos are commonplace is so to have an understanding of what the effects a drug can have on an individual that isn’t taking the drug at all in order to deem its safety and effectiveness (National Institute on Aging. 2020). The comparative nature of the study was seen as a means of skewing data to push the drug through FDA approval (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2017). Scientists were seen as highlighting the benefits of naproxen making it appear as though Vioxx was safer than the results suggested (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2017). Weinblatt, a safety chair as part of the advisory committee had initially pushed for information in 2000 on cardiovascular risks but ultimately succumbed to waiting on the results to be combined with all other studies (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2017). Another form of data manipulations was found when the first draft of 16 out 20 reports listed an employee as the author but upon final draft the author had changed to an external academic drawing questions of a ghost writer (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2017). Furthermore evidence of three heart attacks were removed from records of patients taking vioxx, thousands of deaths and 100,000 heart attacks due to its approval in 1999 to its recall in 2004 (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2017). Patients who have stopped taking vioxx are still facing complications related it its use (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2017)

An estimated 20 million Americans are thought to have taken the drug and the company began facing 13000 lawsuits on behalf of 23,000 plaintiffs (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2017). Trials persisted for years to which Merck defends the study and withholding information on grounds of certain instance reporting falling outside the timeline required by the studies reporting guidelines(Union of Concerned Scientists, 2017). Of the 7 trials held Merck won 3 and came to a settlement in 2007 noted as the largest drug settlement of its time seeing Merck pay $4.85 Billion into a settlement account and allowing them to avoid personal injury lawsuits of approximately 47,000 plaintiffs and 265 class action lawsuits (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2017).

How much fault would you place on the scientists conducting the study vs the company itself and do you think they should bare any of the repercussions?
Do you think including a placebo in this study either as a replacement to naproxen or in addition to it would have prevented this from happening?
Weinblatt the safety chair, agreed to wait for all results to be compiled before reviewing the cardiovascular study specifically. A few months later filled out a financial disclosure statement stating he and his wife had purchase $72,985 of Merck stock. Do you think this is indicative of anything fishy?

References:

Merck Manipulated the Science about the Drug Vioxx. 2017 Oct 12. Union of Concerned Scientists.

Prakash S, Valentine V. 2007 Nov 10. Timeline: The Rise and Fall of Vioxx. NPRorg.

National Institute on Aging. 2020. Placebos in Clinical Trials. National Institute on Aging.

OC5294248

Diffusion Lab

Overview:

In this lab you will investigate how molecules transport in a cell through diffusion and osmosis. You will observe both diffusion and osmosis using an egg and three different substances. You will write a hypothesis, perform an experiment, record observations, collect data, and answer questions after the lab. Below you will find the materials needed for the lab, the procedure for conducting the lab, and a sample layout for your lab notebook page.

Background Information:

The cell membrane surrounds every cell and is the organelle that regulates what moves into and out of a cell. They are selectively permeable which means they only allow certain things to move across the membrane.

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration. It is a type of passive transport meaning that it does not require energy from the cell.

Osmosis is the process where water molecules diffuse across the cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

For the Lab:

This lab should be done over four consecutive days. You will need to obtain these materials. You should create a lab notebook page to record your hypothesis, observations, and write your conclusions. You can create the notebook page on paper or on a computer.

Materials:

1 raw egg
Container that will hold 2 cups or more (It should be large enough to fully submerge the egg in a liquid)
Tape measure
Vinegar
Corn syrup
Distilled water
Plastic Wrap

Note: Nothing in this lab should harm you, but be careful and ask for help if you need it. Wash your hands every time after you handle the egg and clean your lab area after each day. If you need assistance get adult supervision.

Lab Procedure:

Start by writing a hypothesis to answer the following experiment question: Make sure the hypothesis is in the "if, then" format.

What happens to a raw egg when it is covered first in vinegar, then corn syrup, and then distilled water?

Perform the experiment over 4 consecutive days at about the same time each day. Below you will find instructions for each day:

Day 1:

1. Measure the egg's circumference in centimeters using the tape measure. Record the measurement on the observation table.

2. Record any "before" observations about the egg's appearance (color, shape, texture, size).

3. Carefully place the egg in the container and add vinegar until the egg is fully covered.

4. Cover the container with plastic wrap and leave overnight.

Day 2:

1. Very carefully take the egg out of the vinegar and dry it off.

2. Measure the egg's circumference using the tape measure. Record the measurement on your observation table.

3. Record any "after" observations on your observation table.

4. Clean out the container with soap and water and place the egg back in the container.

5. Add corn syrup until the egg is fully covered. Record any "before" observations on your observation table.

6. Cover with plastic wrap and leave overnight.

Day 3:

1. Repeat steps 1-4 from Day 2 .

2. Add distilled water to the container until the egg is fully covered. Record any "before" observations on your observation table.

3. Cover with plastic wrap and leave overnight.

Day 4:

1. Repeat steps 1-3 from Day 2 .

2. Clean the container and throw away the egg.

When recording the circumference of the egg do so in centimeters. Your observations should describe the appearance of the egg and any other important facts you notice. Look at the color, size, shape, texture and anything that changes about the egg throughout the experiment.

Below is a sample of how to set up your lab page to record your experimental data. You should leave as much space as needed for each part.

Sample Lab Notebook Setup:

1.Describe what happened to the egg after soaking it in vinegar for 24 hours.

2.Describe what happened to the egg after soaking it in corn syrup for 24 hours.

3.Describe what happened to the egg after soaking it in the distilled water for 24 hours.

4.How did you see diffusion and osmosis in this lab?

Fill in the chart as you go through the experiment. When done with the experiment answer the post lab questions. Submit your lab page with your observations and answers to the post-lab questions. You can submit either a picture of your work or upload a document.

Things to remember:

Qualitative observations describe appearance (color, texture, shape, size, smell, etc.)
The variables in this lab are vinegar, corn syrup, and distilled water.
The controlled variables are the egg, beaker, and the time the egg is exposed to each substance.
The independent variable is the substance the egg is submerged in (vinegar, corn syrup, and distilled water).
The dependent variable is what happens to the egg after being exposed to the three different substances.

Biology Special Lesson: Diffusion Lab

This rubric is an outline of how the lab information you submit will be graded.

Grading Rubric