001 Lecture Notes - Silicon Carbide, Metal, Crystallization

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23 Apr 2023

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Inorganic precious stones are strong materials composed of atoms, ions, or molecules arranged in a periodic, repeating pattern. These materials have a large number of physical and substance properties and are utilized in a wide range of uses, from hardware and optics to development materials and catalysts. Types of crystals: ionic crystals: here lattice points are occupied by ions. Example: solid nacl (sodium chloride)has na+ cl- . The ionic crystal structure consists of alternating positively-charged cations and negatively-charged anions. The ions may either be monatomic or polyatomic. Generally, ionic crystals form from a combination of group 1 or 2 metals and group 16 or 17 nonmetals or nonmetallic polyatomic ions. Ionic crystals are hard and brittle and have high melting points. Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity as solids, but do conduct electricity when molten or in aqueous solution: co-valent crystals: lattice points are occupied by atoms held by covalent bonds.

Related Questions

Analyzing hydrates

All the information I was given is in the picture please look at them thanks and make your work is not copied off of Google

Hydrates are solid ionic compounds that have specific numbers of water molecules bound to their atoms; the water molecules are trapped in the solid compound.

Many compounds contain water of hydration, which is water in its crystalline structure. This water can be removed by heating the compound. A real-life model of hydrates and dehydration is fresh fruit and dehydrated fruit. If you look at fresh grapes and raisins, what is the difference between the two?

How could you determine the amount of water that was removed from a grape when it was dehydrated?

Fill in the table below by looking up examples of different hydrates. The first one is done for you.

Prefix	Molecules of	Formula	Name of Compound
Mono-	1		Ammonium oxalate monohydrate
Di-
Tri-
Tetra-
Penta-

Hexa-
Hepta-
Octa-
Deca-

When calculating the molar mass of a hydrate, remember that the dot in the formula indicates the addition of water molecules. It does not mean to multiply! For , how many moles of , and how many moles of do you have? What is the molar mass?

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MODERN PERIODIC TABLE

The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements organized on the basis of their atomic numbers, electron configurations, and chemical properties.

Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus). The standard form of the table consists of a grid of elements laid out in 18 columns and 7 rows, with a double row of elements below that. (Please see periodic table provided above.)

The horizontal rows of the table are called periods and the vertical columns are called groups. The periodic table incorporates recurring trends and can therefore be used to derive relationships between the properties of the elements and predict the properties of new, yet to be discovered or synthesized, elements. As a result, a periodic table provides a useful framework for analyzing chemical behavior.

Main group (or representative) elements include elements (except hydrogen) in groups 1 and 2 and groups 13 to 18. In older nomenclature, the main group elements are groups lA and lIA, and groups IIIB to O (CAS groups IIIA to VIIIA).

The elements in groups 3 to 12 are the transition elements, the focus of this exercise.

Transition elements are divided into two groups:

the transition metals

the inner transition metals

The two sets of inner transition metals are located along the bottom of the periodic table and are known as the lanthanide series and the actinide series. (See periodic table provided above.) The rest of the elements in groups 3 to 12 are transition metals.

Transactinide elements (also called transactinides, or super-heavy elements) are the elements with atomic numbers greater than those of the actinides. (The heaviest actinide is lawrencium (103).)

Transuranium (or transuranic) elements are those elements having an atomic number greater than that of uranium (92), an actinide. (Thus all transactinide elements are also transuranium elements.)

Transuranium elements are unstable and decay radioactively into other elements.

These elements were all first discovered in the laboratory, with neptunium, plutonium, americium, curium, berkelium, and californium later also discovered in nature.

Transuranium elements can be synthesized in the laboratory through the use of nuclear reactors or particle accelerators.

Please review the following questions:

1. Are all transactinide elements transuranium elements?

2. Are all tranuranium elements actinides?

3. List two unique properties of transuranium elements:

For the following symbols, provide the element name and indicate whether it is a representative element, a lanthanide, an actinide, or a transactinide element.

4. Cf

5. Pm

6. Ag

7. Ds

8. Tb

9. Rf

10. U

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Diffusion Lab

Overview:

In this lab you will investigate how molecules transport in a cell through diffusion and osmosis. You will observe both diffusion and osmosis using an egg and three different substances. You will write a hypothesis, perform an experiment, record observations, collect data, and answer questions after the lab. Below you will find the materials needed for the lab, the procedure for conducting the lab, and a sample layout for your lab notebook page.

Background Information:

The cell membrane surrounds every cell and is the organelle that regulates what moves into and out of a cell. They are selectively permeable which means they only allow certain things to move across the membrane.

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration. It is a type of passive transport meaning that it does not require energy from the cell.

Osmosis is the process where water molecules diffuse across the cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

For the Lab:

This lab should be done over four consecutive days. You will need to obtain these materials. You should create a lab notebook page to record your hypothesis, observations, and write your conclusions. You can create the notebook page on paper or on a computer.

Materials:

1 raw egg
Container that will hold 2 cups or more (It should be large enough to fully submerge the egg in a liquid)
Tape measure
Vinegar
Corn syrup
Distilled water
Plastic Wrap

Note: Nothing in this lab should harm you, but be careful and ask for help if you need it. Wash your hands every time after you handle the egg and clean your lab area after each day. If you need assistance get adult supervision.

Lab Procedure:

Start by writing a hypothesis to answer the following experiment question: Make sure the hypothesis is in the "if, then" format.

What happens to a raw egg when it is covered first in vinegar, then corn syrup, and then distilled water?

Perform the experiment over 4 consecutive days at about the same time each day. Below you will find instructions for each day:

Day 1:

1. Measure the egg's circumference in centimeters using the tape measure. Record the measurement on the observation table.

2. Record any "before" observations about the egg's appearance (color, shape, texture, size).

3. Carefully place the egg in the container and add vinegar until the egg is fully covered.

4. Cover the container with plastic wrap and leave overnight.

Day 2:

1. Very carefully take the egg out of the vinegar and dry it off.

2. Measure the egg's circumference using the tape measure. Record the measurement on your observation table.

3. Record any "after" observations on your observation table.

4. Clean out the container with soap and water and place the egg back in the container.

5. Add corn syrup until the egg is fully covered. Record any "before" observations on your observation table.

6. Cover with plastic wrap and leave overnight.

Day 3:

1. Repeat steps 1-4 from Day 2 .

2. Add distilled water to the container until the egg is fully covered. Record any "before" observations on your observation table.

3. Cover with plastic wrap and leave overnight.

Day 4:

1. Repeat steps 1-3 from Day 2 .

2. Clean the container and throw away the egg.

When recording the circumference of the egg do so in centimeters. Your observations should describe the appearance of the egg and any other important facts you notice. Look at the color, size, shape, texture and anything that changes about the egg throughout the experiment.

Below is a sample of how to set up your lab page to record your experimental data. You should leave as much space as needed for each part.

Sample Lab Notebook Setup:

1.Describe what happened to the egg after soaking it in vinegar for 24 hours.

2.Describe what happened to the egg after soaking it in corn syrup for 24 hours.

3.Describe what happened to the egg after soaking it in the distilled water for 24 hours.

4.How did you see diffusion and osmosis in this lab?

Fill in the chart as you go through the experiment. When done with the experiment answer the post lab questions. Submit your lab page with your observations and answers to the post-lab questions. You can submit either a picture of your work or upload a document.

Things to remember:

Qualitative observations describe appearance (color, texture, shape, size, smell, etc.)
The variables in this lab are vinegar, corn syrup, and distilled water.
The controlled variables are the egg, beaker, and the time the egg is exposed to each substance.
The independent variable is the substance the egg is submerged in (vinegar, corn syrup, and distilled water).
The dependent variable is what happens to the egg after being exposed to the three different substances.

Biology Special Lesson: Diffusion Lab

This rubric is an outline of how the lab information you submit will be graded.

Grading Rubric

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001 Lecture Notes - Silicon Carbide, Metal, Crystallization

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