01:119:116 Study Guide - Polyphyly, Photobacterium, Viridiplantae

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3 Apr 2023

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Integrates into the host genome so when the host cell performs binary fission it"s dna replicates with host genome. F factor on plasmid(circular piece of dna in the bacterial cell) If f+ you can perform conjugation by making pilus. Eukaryotes: cc features of eukaryotic cell, nucleus, membrane bound organelles - mitochondria, endomembrane system, cytoskeleton, cc four supergroups, sar i. ii. iii. iv. Cell that has secondary plastids derived from red algae. Silica or calcium shells surrounding the cell- rhizaria. No defined shape i. ii: moves use pseudopodia, archaeplastida. Primary plastids derived from cyanobacteria i. i. ii: opisthokonta. Crystalline rod in flagellum i: mixotrophy- secondary plastids from green algae. Note: plastid is a chloroplast or anything derived from it: seq serial endosymbiosis, engulfing of alpha photobacterium leading to mitochondria, engulfing of cyanobacterium leading to chloroplasts. Secondary endosymbiosis a eukaryote is eaten: cc viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, all have genome, all use proteins, viruses don"t have plasma membrane, flagella and dna.

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QUESTION 1: The rabies virus primarily affects the nervous system. The specificity that the rabies virus has for neuronal host cells is primarily dictated by __________________________.

A. the helical shape of its viral capsid

B. the type of nucleic acid used for its viral genome (single-stranded, antisense RNA)

C. the spikes that protrude from its viral envelope

D. the segmented nature of its viral genome

QUESTION 2: Which of the following genome types has been observed in viruses? To be marked correct, you'll need to select all true statements, as there may be more than one correct answer.

A. Single-stranded RNA

B. Single-stranded DNA

C. Double-stranded RNA

D. Protein-based

QUESTION 3: Choose the correct statement about viral evolution.

A. RNA and DNA viral genomes evolve at equal rates.

B. Cellular genomes mutate at a faster rate than viral genomes due to their large size and increased chance of replicative mistakes.

C. DNA viruses mutate faster than RNA viruses because thymine is more susceptible to mutation than uracil.

D. RNA viruses mutate faster than DNA viruses due to a lack of proofreading replicative enzymes.

QUESTION 4: Your elderly patient is affected by shingles. After careful observation, you note that the virus responsible for the infection has an icosahedral capsid, is enveloped, and has double-stranded linear DNA as its genetic material. Based on this information, in which of the following viral families would you group this viral pathogen?

QUESTION 5: Which of the following is a key difference between lytic and lysogenic bacteriophage replication cycles?

A. Lysogenic bacteriophages release via host cell lysis, whereas lytic bacteriophages bud off from the host cell membrane.

B. The lytic replication cycle ends with host cell lysis and release of newly formed bacteriophage particles, whereas lysogenic replication leads to prophage formation.

C. Lytic replication requires an uncoating step, whereas in lysogenic replication, the bacteriophage's nucleic acid is directly injected into the host cell.

D. Whereas lytic replication enables the infection of several hosts, lysogenic replication only allows for infection of a single host cell.

QUESTION 6: Which of the following is an unsuitable culture method for an animal virus?

A. Direct inoculation of virus onto blood agar

B. Live animal inoculation

C. Tissue culture method

D. Injection of virus into embryonated eggs

21. Are viruses alive or not? Support your opinion.â¨

22. Describe the basic structure of a virus.â¨

23. What tools are necessary for studying viruses? Why couldnâtvan

Leeuvenhoek observe them in his studies? How can we studyviruses today?

24. Describe how an animal virus infects a host cell (ingeneral)

25. Describe how a bacteriophage infects a host cell. Compareand contrast lytic â¨and lysogenic mechanisms of replication. Why isit an advantage for a virus to be able to have both of thesemechanisms of replication?

26. Where do enveloped viruses acquire their envelope from?

27. What component of the flu virus changes every year? How isthis

advantageous for the virus? How does it affect us?

28. Why do you need a flu shot every year?

29.What components of a host cell are used by viruses duringviral replication?

30. Describe 3 different explanations for the origin ofviruses.

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Lysogenic vs. Latent:

Compare and contrast Latent and lysogenic replication cycles in viruses.

Which orgainsms can be infected by latent viruses? Which organisms can be infected by latent viruses?

01:119:116 Study Guide - Polyphyly, Photobacterium, Viridiplantae

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