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DMS Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Big O Notation, Hard Disk Drive, Time Complexity

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Punjab Agricultural University
Department
Engineering
Course
DMS
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Document Summary

So the input size didn"t increase and the runtime of the algorithms didn"t increase either . no , it doesn"t depend on the size of the input . And after that now you will go to aunty"s house you will be treated. Consider there are different routes to come and go. I want to tell you guys one story. It happened like this , i was bored in my house. I was so bored that i needed some entertainment. This guy has amazing games like pubg and gta5. And you can get every type of game from him. But there is one problem , i also use jio. He also uses jio and we get just 1 gb for one day. And with more internet , we can"t sell files and all. So for me , what is the fastest way to take the game from this friend.

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Related Questions

After reading the following case, please answer the following questions:
1. Why does the agency problem arise?
2. What is the cost of the agency problem?
3. How to minimize the agency problem?


CASE STUDY ON AGENCY PROBLEM ABC
Company started operations in early 1970. The company produces specialized items for
manufacturing cars. Most of the raw materials used are imported from Brazil because the cost is low
and the labor is very cheap. The CEO for ABC Company, Mr. Rodriguez, makes every attempt to
keep the cost at the lowest. From 1970 to 2000 net income has increased at a rate of at least 25%
per year. There are around 20,000 shareholders that hold ABC Company shares. Shareholders are
very happy with the company's performance. Mr. Rodriguez always held a meeting with the Board of
Directors to inform them of any decision involved in the company. As such the BOD is very happy
with the company performance and Mr. Rodriguez managing style. Every year, the staff received a
cash bonus of around 2 to 3 times of their salary and Mr. Rodriguez received many incentives from
the company including cars, houses and cash. However, at the end of 2001, the cost of raw material
increased because of the SARS virus attack in Brazil. The sales for the year were also reduced. By
September 2001, Mr. Rodriguez held an emergency meeting with all the staff. It is estimated that the
income for the year will be reduced. By January 2002, after the preparation of the financial
statements, net income showed a decrease of around 45% from last year. Mr. Rodriguez demanded
the treasures and the controller to do something with the figures. During the BOD meeting in April
2002, the company announced a 15%increase in income and declared a dividend of around 5%
higher than last year. The shareholders reacted positively to the announcement and started buying
more shares of the company. For the next five years, the company continued to decrease in income
but provided good news to the shareholders and gave shareholders higher profit. In 2008, the BOD
requested for the company to change the auditor for the company. After the auditing process, the
new auditor revealed that the company is in the state of bankruptcy and there is zero balance cash
in the bank account. One month after that the company was forced to close down. Shareholders
were surprised with the announcement and lost all their money. The employees lost their jobs and
many creditors couldn't claim their money. Shareholders are currently suing Mr. Rodriguez and the
company for their losses.

Diffusion Lab
Overview:
In this lab you will investigate how molecules transport in a cell through diffusion and osmosis. You will observe both diffusion and osmosis using an egg and three different substances. You will write a hypothesis, perform an experiment, record observations, collect data, and answer questions after the lab. Below you will find the materials needed for the lab, the procedure for conducting the lab, and a sample layout for your lab notebook page.
Background Information:
The cell membrane surrounds every cell and is the organelle that regulates what moves into and out of a cell. They are selectively permeable which means they only allow certain things to move across the membrane.
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration. It is a type of passive transport meaning that it does not require energy from the cell.
Osmosis is the process where water molecules diffuse across the cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
For the Lab:
This lab should be done over four consecutive days. You will need to obtain these materials. You should create a lab notebook page to record your hypothesis, observations, and write your conclusions. You can create the notebook page on paper or on a computer.
Materials:
  •  1 raw egg
  •  Container that will hold 2 cups or more (It should be large enough to fully submerge the egg in a liquid)
  •  Tape measure
  •  Vinegar
  •  Corn syrup
  •  Distilled water
  •  Plastic Wrap
Note: Nothing in this lab should harm you, but be careful and ask for help if you need it. Wash your hands every time after you handle the egg and clean your lab area after each day. If you need assistance get adult supervision.
 
Lab Procedure:
Start by writing a hypothesis to answer the following experiment question: Make sure the hypothesis is in the "if, then" format.
 
What happens to a raw egg when it is covered first in vinegar, then corn syrup, and then distilled water?
 
Perform the experiment over 4 consecutive days at about the same time each day. Below you will find instructions for each day:
Day 1:
1. Measure the egg's circumference in centimeters using the tape measure. Record the measurement on the observation table.
2. Record any "before" observations about the egg's appearance (color, shape, texture, size).
3. Carefully place the egg in the container and add vinegar until the egg is fully covered.
4. Cover the container with plastic wrap and leave overnight.
Day 2:
1. Very carefully take the egg out of the vinegar and dry it off.
2. Measure the egg's circumference using the tape measure. Record the measurement on your observation table.
3. Record any "after" observations on your observation table.
4. Clean out the container with soap and water and place the egg back in the container.
5. Add corn syrup until the egg is fully covered. Record any "before" observations on your observation table.
6. Cover with plastic wrap and leave overnight.
Day 3:
1. Repeat steps 1-4 from Day 2 .
2. Add distilled water to the container until the egg is fully covered. Record any "before" observations on your observation table.
3. Cover with plastic wrap and leave overnight.
Day 4:
1. Repeat steps 1-3 from Day 2 .
2. Clean the container and throw away the egg.
When recording the circumference of the egg do so in centimeters. Your observations should describe the appearance of the egg and any other important facts you notice. Look at the color, size, shape, texture and anything that changes about the egg throughout the experiment.
 
Below is a sample of how to set up your lab page to record your experimental data. You should leave as much space as needed for each part.
Sample Lab Notebook Setup:
Diffusion Lab
Hypothesis:
Observation Table
 
Post-Lab Questions:
1.Describe what happened to the egg after soaking it in vinegar for 24 hours.
2.Describe what happened to the egg after soaking it in corn syrup for 24 hours.
3.Describe what happened to the egg after soaking it in the distilled water for 24 hours.
4.How did you see diffusion and osmosis in this lab?
Fill in the chart as you go through the experiment. When done with the experiment answer the post lab questions. Submit your lab page with your observations and answers to the post-lab questions. You can submit either a picture of your work or upload a document.
Things to remember:
  •  Qualitative observations describe appearance (color, texture, shape, size, smell, etc.)
  •  The variables in this lab are vinegar, corn syrup, and distilled water.
  •  The controlled variables are the egg, beaker, and the time the egg is exposed to each substance.
  •  The independent variable is the substance the egg is submerged in (vinegar, corn syrup, and distilled water).
  •  The dependent variable is what happens to the egg after being exposed to the three different substances.
Biology Special Lesson: Diffusion Lab
This rubric is an outline of how the lab information you submit will be graded.
Grading Rubric
Overview:
In this assignment you will be using the scientific method to develop your own experiment. You will not be conducting the experiment but you will develop one based on a hypothesis. You will submit a project containing the needed information outlined under the "Project" section.
Background Information:
The scientific method is a process used by scientists to develop experiments and test hypotheses. This process begins by making observations. The next step is to develop a question based on these observations, such as how something works.
 
Based on the question under investigation, a hypothesis is created. A hypothesis should be a prediction of what happens. It is written in an "if, then" format. An is designed to test a specific hypothesis. A scientific experiment should have an independent variable, dependent variable, and a control group. The independent experiment variable is what is changed in the experiment. The dependent variable is what is measured in the experiment.
 
A control group is a group in which the independent variable undergoes no change. The control group in an experiment serves as a baseline to measure the results of the experiment and can be very useful in isolating unknown factors which may influence the dependent variable.
 
Remember that a good experiment includes multiple repetitions for each experimental group.
Once an experiment has been conducted, all of the data collected is analyzed. Scientists look for trends in the data and use statistical analysis to compare all of the experimental groups. This is then compared to the hypothesis to see if the data does or does not support the hypothesis. Through this method scientists draw conclusions about their hypothesis based on whether or not their experiment was successful.
 
Project:
Below are the instructions for each section of the project. For this assignment you will follow the steps of the scientific method and develop your own experiment.
You will need to include all of the following information:
Topic: Start by deciding what you would like to investigate. Your topic may be related to biology, the environment around you, or some other topic you are interested in.
 
Observations: Make a number of observations related to your topic. If the topic you chose isn't something you can observe around you then you may conduct research about your topic and record any noteworthy information. Include a paragraph describing your observations in your final submission.
 
Questions: Using your observations or research, think about your topic and ask some questions. Think about how it works or why it may behave a certain way. Come up with two or three questions about your topic.
 
Hypothesis: Use the questions you came up with to develop your hypothesis. This is a prediction of what you think will happen and should be able to be tested. A hypothesis is written in an "if, then" format. If this happens, then this will happen.
 
Experiment: Once you develop a hypothesis, think of how it could be tested in an experiment. What would you be testing? What would you measure? Remember that you need a control group. The purpose of this group is to serve as a reference that can be used to compare your experimental results to. This gives you something to compare with all the experimental groups and monitor any change. Record all of the following information about your experiment.
Independent Variable: This is what you are changing in the experiment.
Dependent Variable: This is what you are measuring.
Control Group: This is the group unaffected by the independent variable.
Experimental Groups: These are the groups affected by the independent variable and there should be multiple replications for each group.
Submission:
Be creative with how you present your information. This can be done in a list, in a chart, in paragraph form, or another way. Be sure to include your topic, observations, questions, hypothesis, and the details of your experiment. Be descriptive with your language in each section and use correct grammar.
 
Biology Special Lesson - Scientific Method
You will submit a document or presentation with the required information for each part of the scientific method. Label each part and make sure the information is complete. You only need to include the parts of the scientific method included under “ Project."
 
Grading Rubric