69 CS651 Lecture : DSA notes 35

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shuhbam2607

1 Mar 2023

School

Indian Institute of Technology - IIT Kanpur

Department

Engineering

Course

69 CS651

Professor

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Document Summary

L35: remove duplicates in a linked list in java | Lesson 35 | dsa in java | @codingninjasindia. Yogesh yogesh explains how to remove duplicates in a linked list when the link list is unshorted and when the linked list is shorted. Yogesh also discusses from the brute force approach to the optimized approach to remove liquids in our link remove list. Yogesh says that this series is actually a part of our new playlist on data structures and algorithms in. Java by coding ninjas first of all we have to ensure for picking up one element. We can start with picking up an element. For example, we pick this right and then we can compare it with the rest of the elements right to check. If there is another element that is a same value as current node or not right, so we "ll have to insure it okay, so how can we do that.

Related Questions

*Please refer to the attached file.

You are writing a rough draft for the essay part 1,

This writing practice will focus on

Steps *1 and *2 below:

___________________

FIVE STEPS OF WRITING~*1- Prewrite*2-Draft 3- Revise 4- Edit/Proofread 5- Publish

Expository Essay Part 1

Student Resource

EXPOSITORY ESSAY

– explains, points out

Used in articles, essays, exam questions

- Used to report on research

- Used to share information, give directions

REVIEW:

Elements of Expository Essay:

Thesis

–

Thesis Statement states topic, introduces supporting points

Structure

–

- Organization - often by Cause/Effect, Problem/Solution, Compare/Contrast

- Supporting paragraphs (at least one per supporting point)

- Use of formatting, graphics, and multi-media where appropriate

- Conclusion - relates to thesis and pulls supporting points together

Style

–

- Formal tone - complete sentences; conventional construction and language

- Active voice

Assignment:

Complete the first

two

steps in writing an Expository Essay.

You can use the sample writing prompt on Page 3 or choose a topic based on stories/articles of

your choosing. Page 3 also gives a sample thesis and outline based on the writing prompt. If

writing on your own topic and texts, choose three texts from different genres – e.g., short story,

science fiction, poetry, memoir, informational text, etc.

Step 1)

Prewrite

– Write your thesis statement.

– Determine the structure and organization (e.g., compare/contrast).

– Make an Outline (should include the thesis statement plus a list of

supporting points and a conclusion).

Step 2)

Draft

– Follow your Outline.

– Consider the audience's knowledge of and experience with the topic.

– Give concrete examples (each supporting point should be at least one

paragraph).

– Relate each point back to the thesis statement.

– Draw a conclusion that relates to the thesis statement and ties the

supporting points together.

Expository Essay Part 1

Student Resource

EXPOSITORY ESSAY - SAMPLE THESIS AND OUTLINE

WRITING PROMPT

Compare/contrast the authors' treatments of the theme of

taking

responsibility

in three different genres of text:

Short Story

–"Through the Tunnel,"

Science

Fiction

– "A Sound of Thunder," and

Informational Text

– "Quit blaming; take responsibility."

Thesis

Authors Lessing, Bradbury, and Gitomer, writing in three different textual genres,

each address the theme of taking responsibility by contrasting instances of responsible and

irresponsible behavior and drawing the conclusion of the benefits of taking responsibility.

Supporting paragraphs

– with formatting (subtitles):

1. Short Story

– Lessing ("Through the Tunnel") contrasts Jerry's irresponsible/ responsible

behavior and draws conclusion responsibility is best – Jerry feels better about himself.

- Irresponsible: Jerry tries to get attention, be accepted by other boys; wants to swim

through tunnel before ready (examples from story)

- Responsible: Jerry stops trying to please other boys; adopts his quest; trains and works

to be prepared (examples from story)

- Lessing draws unstated conclusion of benefits of taking responsibility

(contrasts Jerry's feelings before and after quest)

2. Science Fiction

– Bradbury ("A Sound of Thunder") contrasts Time Safari Inc.'s/ Eckels'

responsible/irresponsible behavior and graphically illustrates the devastating results of

irresponsibility.

- Irresponsible: Eckels' uncaring, irresponsible attitude (examples in story)

- Responsible: Time Safari's careful planning and preparation for the hunt

(examples

from story)

- Bradbury ends story showing dramatic impact of being irresponsible, implying the

benefits of responsibility

3. Informational Text

–

Gitomer ("Quit blaming; take responsibility") compares salespeople

with politicians in their tendency to avoid taking responsibility and contrasts that attitude with

suggestions on taking responsibility to achieve success.

- Irresponsible: Salespeople and politicians blame others for their failures

(specific examples from article)

- Responsible: Suggestions on how they can take responsibility by

studying failures and

making them successes (examples in article)

- Gitomer concludes that salespeople (and politicians) can achieve results

they seek by

overcoming obstacles and taking responsibility

Conclusion

Authors Lessing, Bradbury, and Gitomer, writing in three different textual

genres, each address the theme of taking responsibility by contrasting instances of responsible

and irresponsible behavior, concluding that taking responsibility brings the best r

This writing practice will focus on

Steps *1 and *2 below:

___________________

FIVE STEPS OF WRITING ~* 1-Prewrite* 2- Draft 3- Revise\ 4- Edit/Proofread 5- Publish

Expository Essay Part 1

Student Resource

EXPOSITORY ESSAY

– explains, points out

Used in articles, essays, exam questions

- Used to report on research

- Used to share information, give directions

REVIEW:

Elements of Expository Essay:

Thesis

–

Thesis Statement states topic, introduces supporting points

Structure

–

- Organization - often by Cause/Effect, Problem/Solution, Compare/Contrast

- Supporting paragraphs (at least one per supporting point)

- Use of formatting, graphics, and multi-media where appropriate

- Conclusion - relates to thesis and pulls supporting points together

Style

–

- Formal tone - complete sentences; conventional construction and language

- Active voice

Assignment:

Complete the first

two

steps in writing an Expository Essay.

You can use the sample writing prompt on Page 3 or choose a topic based on stories/articles of

your choosing. Page 3 also gives a sample thesis and outline based on the writing prompt. If

writing on your own topic and texts, choose three texts from different genres – e.g., short story,

science fiction, poetry, memoir, informational text, etc.

Step 1)

Prewrite

– Write your thesis statement.

– Determine the structure and organization (e.g., compare/contrast).

– Make an Outline (should include the thesis statement plus a list of

supporting points and a conclusion).

Step 2)

Draft

– Follow your Outline.

– Consider the audience's knowledge of and experience with the topic.

– Give concrete examples (each supporting point should be at least one

paragraph).

– Relate each point back to the thesis statement.

– Draw a conclusion that relates to the thesis statement and ties the

supporting points together.

Expository Essay Part 1

Student Resource

EXPOSITORY ESSAY - SAMPLE THESIS AND OUTLINE

WRITING PROMPT

Compare/contrast the authors' treatments of the theme of

taking

responsibility

in three different genres of text:

Short Story

–"Through the Tunnel,"

Science

Fiction

– "A Sound of Thunder," and

Informational Text

– "Quit blaming; take responsibility."

Thesis

Authors Lessing, Bradbury, and Gitomer, writing in three different textual genres,

each address the theme of taking responsibility by contrasting instances of responsible and

irresponsible behavior and drawing the conclusion of the benefits of taking responsibility.

Supporting paragraphs

– with formatting (subtitles):

1. Short Story

– Lessing ("Through the Tunnel") contrasts Jerry's irresponsible/ responsible

behavior and draws conclusion responsibility is best – Jerry feels better about himself.

- Irresponsible: Jerry tries to get attention, be accepted by other boys; wants to swim

through tunnel before ready (examples from story)

- Responsible: Jerry stops trying to please other boys; adopts his quest; trains and works

to be prepared (examples from story)

- Lessing draws unstated conclusion of benefits of taking responsibility

(contrasts Jerry's feelings before and after quest)

2. Science Fiction

– Bradbury ("A Sound of Thunder") contrasts Time Safari Inc.'s/ Eckels'

responsible/irresponsible behavior and graphically illustrates the devastating results of

irresponsibility.

- Irresponsible: Eckels' uncaring, irresponsible attitude (examples in story)

- Responsible: Time Safari's careful planning and preparation for the hunt

(examples

from story)

- Bradbury ends story showing dramatic impact of being irresponsible, implying the

benefits of responsibility

3. Informational Text

–

Gitomer ("Quit blaming; take responsibility") compares salespeople

with politicians in their tendency to avoid taking responsibility and contrasts that attitude with

suggestions on taking responsibility to achieve success.

- Irresponsible: Salespeople and politicians blame others for their failures

(specific examples from article)

- Responsible: Suggestions on how they can take responsibility by

studying failures and

making them successes (examples in article)

- Gitomer concludes that salespeople (and politicians) can achieve results

they seek by

overcoming obstacles and taking responsibility

Conclusion

Authors Lessing, Bradbury, and Gitomer, writing in three different textual

genres, each address the theme of taking responsibility by contrasting instances of responsible

and irresponsible behavior, concluding that taking responsibility brings the best r

isaiahh223g

Saturn V First-Stage Structural Analysis The first stage of the Saturn V (also called the S-IC) provided thrust to lift the second stage, third stage, and payload to an altitude of about 100km within the first 150 seconds of flight, at which point it experienced a maximum acceleration of 38𝑚/𝑠2 . The first stage structure (the shell around the propellant tanks) transmitted the force produced by the engines to the upper stages through its outer skin. This skin was composed of 2219-T87 aluminum, which has a Young's modulus of 73.1GPa, a yield strength of 390MPa, a density of 2840 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , and a thermal expansion coefficient of 22 ∗ 10-6𝐾-1 . We will perform an analysis of the S-IC structure and the loads it carried through a series of scenarios. The exception is for Part 5, which must be done by hand as it requires significant drawing and only uses symbolic variables, no numerical calculations. I also recommend setting up the equations for Part 4 by hand and then using the .m file to perform the actual computations.

Part 1:

The S-IC stage shell was required to support the load of the second stage, third stage, instrument unit, and Apollo spacecraft modules, both on the pad and during launch. The maximum mass it had to support was when the fully-fueled vehicle was sitting on the pad, and the maximum acceleration it experienced was immediately before stage burnout (when the S-IC was empty but all the other stages were full). Assume the S-IC tank structure is a smooth cylinder with an outer diameter of 10 meters, a thickness of 5.5 mm, and a height of 41 meters when nothing is mounted on top of it. The empty mass of everything above the stage is 9.7 ∗ 104 𝑘𝑔, and the mass of everything above the stage is 2.9 ∗ 106 𝑘𝑔 when fully fueled.

Find:

• How much the stage shrinks when the empty stages are placed atop the S-IC

• How much the stage shrinks when the vehicle is fully fueled

• How much the stage shrinks under full acceleration

• The average axial stress experienced in each of these three cases

• The factor of safety in each of these three cases Ignore the mass of the S-IC structure itself and propellant; all we care about is how the tank has to deal with supporting the masses above it.

Part 2:

In reality, the stage did not have a uniform cross section; it was composed of steps of decreasing thickness toward the top of the S-IC, to save structural mass. Suppose the tank wall thickness decreased from 6.5 mm at the bottom to 4.3 mm at the top in eight steps of equal height. Each of the eight "rings" would have a constant wall thickness, the same height as the other rings, and the total height of the stage would still be 41 meters. Repeat the first three bullet points from Part 1, to find how much the stage will contract with the stepped cross sections instead of the uniform. Additionally, find the mass savings by constructing the tank in this manner.

Part 3:

If the 41m height measurement given in Part 1 was taken at an ambient temperature of 25C, how much would the entire S-IC shrink due to thermal contraction (with no load atop the stage) at an operating temperature of -100C? You may choose either the uniform or stepped cross-section configuration from Part 1 or Part 2 to solve this problem, but there is one optimal solution within the scope of this project. Explain which option you chose and why.

Part 4: Consider the planar truss section shown. Suppose four of these held the S-IC stage upright on the mobile launch platform. If the weight each had to support was 6.9MN (labeled F in the diagram), find the reaction forces at joints B and C (a total of three quantities) and the internal forces in the rods AB, AC, and BC. You may assume that the load is balanced and there is no moment about point A. ABC is an equilateral triangle. Be sure to include your sanity check of the static equilibrium of the whole structure. Briefly describe why the analysis would be complicated by making point C a fixed reaction joint like point B instead of a roller joint.

Part 5: Draw a SMD for the transverse axis of the S-IC using symbolic values (no numbers). The diagram should reflect: 1. A constant, even transverse pressure the vehicle experiences due to wind at the pad (note that this must include the wind pressure experienced by the upper stages, collectively referred to as 𝑃𝑊). 2. The fixed base of the vehicle on the pad. 3. A fueling arm located at 𝑙/2 from the base of the rocket that exerts a load 𝑃𝑓 in a direction counter to the wind. 𝑃𝑓 is not large enough to counteract all the shear experienced by the stage at station 𝑙/2. 07 Apr 2022 Hint: for this problem, continue drawing the SMD along the X axis, with the fixed base at the bottom of the rocket.

Part 6:

The LOX tank bottom is hemispherical, with a total tank height of 19.5 meters tip-to-tip. Suppose the tank were pressurized to 151 kPa and contained LOX with a density of 1141 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 . Use the Bernoulli equation to find the pressure at the bottom of the tank (at surface gravity) and the thin wall pressure vessel stress experienced by the bottom of the hemispherical tank bottom. At burnout, the tank was empty of liquid oxygen but still under gaseous pressure of 151 kPa. Find the longitudinal and circumferential stresses about the central cylindrical section of the tank. For this part, ignore acceleration, axial forces, thermal deformation, ambient pressure, etc.

Part 7: Even if composite materials (like carbon fiber) had been widely available in the 1960s, give three reasons why they would be less desirable for an application like the S-IC stage than aluminum or titanium

m2gollc

One of the most catastrophic events in the food industry, known as the horse meat scandal or ‘Horsegate’, occurred only recently.

The Food Safety Authority of Ireland (FSAI) carried out industry testing on frozen beef products, beef ingredients and other ingredients in December of 2012. The test results showed unknown DNA was present in the samples, so the samples were tested again for the presence of bovine (cow), porcine (pig), and equine (horse) DNA [1]. A total of 957 tests were performed. Out of those samples, 928 were found to be negative and 29 samples representing 7 products were found to be positive for the presence of equine meat [2]. These products were sold throughout the UK, Ireland and Europe until the FSAI released their findings in January of 2013. After the findings were released in 2013 all products were withdrawn from the market.

The testing done by the FSAI included a range of suppliers, caterers, processors, manufactures and retailers [2]. The wide range of testing showed major companies including Aldi, Findus and Tesco were main contributors in selling horse meat. Popular items were being sold as ‘beef’ products such as burgers, spaghetti bolognese, and frozen lasagne which tested up to 100% for the presence of horse meat [1].

Further investigation found common suppliers between the three companies for the burger products and the lasagne and spaghetti ready meals. Tesco released a public statement, confirming they immediately withdrew all sales from the suppliers in question and were working with authorities in both Ireland and the UK to ensure this did not occur again [3]. Aldi removed ready meals from their shelves and released in a public statement they were conducting their own investigations [3]. The third company, Findus, withdrew all sales from the supplier of their 100% horsemeat lasagnes.

Long paper trails made it difficult to find involved personnel, or place blame. In the case of the most contaminated product, the 100% horse meat lasagna sold by Findus, it took an investigation into two other suppliers before figuring out when the horse meat was labeled as beef. This popular lasagna was supplied to Findus by Comigel, a factory based in France. After extensive investigation, the next company, Spanghero who first supplied the beef to Comigel was investigated. It was found that Spanghero first imported the meat from Romania where it left labelled as horse meat. It wasn’t until the 750 tonnes of meat entered Spanghero was it labelled as beef [4]. After this finding Spanghero’s license was suspended, but it was of note that Comigel is also to blame. Staff should have noticed anomalies in the paperwork and realised the smell and appearance was not beef [4].

The public statement released by Prof Alan Reilly, Chief executive of the FSAI, stated the findings posed no risk to health, only raised concerns. He let consumers know any purchased implicated products could be returned to the retailer [3]. However, it was not mentioned that consuming horse meat does increase the possibility of consuming phenylbutazone, a common drug used in treatment of horses. Phenylbutazone is believed to have toxic effects when consumed by humans and has been removed from the market in many countries including the United States [1].

Consumers felt they were victimized when they paid for beef and instead unknowingly received a cheaper horsemeat alternative. They then learned the horsemeat they consumed could have been contaminated with illegal pharmaceuticals, such as phenylbutazone. They were also victims psychologically, having unintentionally eaten an animal they considered pets. Consumers have experienced and suffered from trauma, guilt and disgust [1]. Businesses suffered after the scandal, with 30% of shoppers buying less processed meat and 24% switching to vegetarian alternatives [1].

The Government Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) commissioned a report after the horsemeat scandal to determine how this happened and to prevent it from happening again. The report was titled the ‘Elliot Review’ and was published in 2013. The first issue the Elliott Review discovered was that there was no central body in charge of these food related crimes and there was no central database to store records. This meant you could not search for crimes related to food fraud or food crime. The lack of accountability and control heavily contributed to food fraud and is what made food crimes so accessible [1]. The food fraud business was estimated to be more lucrative than the small arms trade and drug smuggling combined [1].

In 2019 recommendations made by the Elliott Review were implemented. Starting with the National crime unit (NCU) which was established to help with investigations, gather information and have its own authority to make arrests or lead investigations. The NCU also works closely with the Food Fraud Network to help combat the issue as a team [1]. A considerable increase in authenticity testing has also been seen. It is now a part of general industry audit work and involves targeted, planned testing [1]. In 2014 a round of coordinated testing for horse meat DNA in beef products was launched and showed only 0.61% of samples tested positive [1].

The Food Authenticity Network recommended by Elliot, works with the network LGC, an UK biotechnology company to ensure there is access to laboratories to provide authenticity testing for foods [1]. Since Horsegate, individual retailers are putting their own stringent testing processes in place. It has been recommended as a general solution to have shorter supply chains, and traceable food [1].

Questions

Do you think consumers should have been compensated for unknowingly consuming horse meat? Explain.
What procedures do you think laboratories will be doing to test for the presence of horse meat? Explain.
Why do you think it took the FSAI one year before they released their findings and a statement? Explain.

CSE references

[1] What Did We Learn from the Horsemeat Scandal and Should We Still be Worried? 2019 June 19.UK: High Speed Training; [ accessed 2023 February 5].

[2] Food Safety Authority of Ireland. 2013 March 4. FSAI Publishes Results of Industry Tests for Horse Meat. [accessed 2023 February 5].

[3] Horsemeat discovered in burgers sold by Four British Supermarkets. 2013 January 16. UK news: The Guardian; [accessed 2023 February 5].

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69 CS651 Lecture : DSA notes 35

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